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Psychology > b50 lec 10,11,12 > Flashcards

b50 lec 10,11,12 Flashcards

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1
Q

the series of changes in the species composition of a community through time at a particular location that occur in a fairly predictable way as a result of abiotic and biotic influences, as the location goes from bare rock or lifeless water to being filled with interacting species

A

ecological succession

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2
Q

refers to succession that begins in/on substrates that contain NO organisms and NO organic material, tends to be slow, as the first colonists must arrive from elsewhere, and it is only through the actions of these species that the environment becomes suitable for the establishment of species in later seres

A

primary succession

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3
Q

what determines whether primary, secondary or little succession change occurs

A

frequency and intensity of disturbances

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4
Q

occurs following a disturbance where some, but not all organisms have been destroyed

A

secondary succession

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5
Q

what does r stand for

A

intrinsic growth rate

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6
Q

what does K stand for

A

carrying capacity

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7
Q

early successional species tend to be

A

r-selected

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8
Q

late successional species tend to be

A

K-selected

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9
Q

r species characteristics are

A

small, high reproductive rate, low survival rate, short generation time, rapid development, early maturity, high dispersal ability

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10
Q

K species characteristics are

A

large, low reproductive rate, high survival rate, long generation time, slow development, late maturity, low dispersal ability

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11
Q

what takes longer primary succession or secondary succesion?

A

primary succession

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12
Q

early species modify the environment in ways that benefit later species.

A

facilitation model

  • the sequence of species faciliations leads to a climax community
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13
Q

early species modify the environment in ways that neither benefit nor inhibit later species

A

tolerance model

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14
Q

early species modify the environment in negative ways that hinder later successional species

A

inhibition model

  • succession requires disturbance for succession to continue
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15
Q

guiding principles outlining how the timing the species arrival or the initial suite of colonizing species can determine the species composition of the community

A

assembly rules

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16
Q

provides many large scale “experiments” on community succession and applies successional principles for management. It aims to manage highly degraded or newly established sites by providing conditions that make sites physiolocially tolerable for a diverse array of species to accelerate succession towards a desired endpoint community.

A

restoration ecology

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17
Q

an integral part of all ecological systems. depending on the type, frequency and intensity, _________ may reset successional processes, or enable them

A

disurbance

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18
Q

suggests that diversity will be greatest at intermediate levels of disturbance

A

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

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19
Q

we refer to a system as ________ is there are two different stable equilibria to which the system can be attracted

A

bistable

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20
Q

the destructive use of animals, plants, and their products for various consumptive (food, medicine) and non consumptive (ex. trophy hunting) processes

A

exploitation or harvesting

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21
Q

harvesting wild organisms at rates that are faster than the rates at which they can recover

A

overexploitation or overharvesting

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22
Q

why has fish size become substantially smaller over time?

A

because when we fish, we want the big fish, so the bigger fish are gone first

fish have evolved to be smaller so they are less wanted

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23
Q

what three things does “land use change” involve

A

habitat degradation

habitat fragmentation

habitat loss

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24
Q

any time we convert land from one use to another

A

land use change

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25
Q

changes that reduce the quality of a habitat

A

habitat degradation

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26
Q

occurs when a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species

A

habitat loss

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27
Q

occurs when continuous habitat is broken up into smaller pieces

A

habitat fragmentation

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28
Q

changes that occur/begin at the boundary of two habitats, such as road mortalities, disease spillovers etc

A

edge effects

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29
Q

what can habitat fragmentation lead to?

A

edge effects (changes that occur/begin at the boundary of two habitats, such as road mortalities, disease spillovers etc)

also

can lead to increased contact between humans and wildlife (an edge effect)

also

can facilitate the invasion and establishment of non-native species

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30
Q

the movement of an individual to a new location, typically without returning

A

dispersal

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31
Q

a species that is 1: present in a location where they didn’t evolve and 2: was moved there via human action

A

non-native species
- cause little to no harm or many have been beneficial to human societies

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32
Q

a species that is 1: present in a location where it did not evolve, 2: was moved there via human action, and 3: has spread in its new location, producing negative impacts on the environment, human health, or economic systems

A

invasive species

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33
Q

are physiological effects usually biggest on ectotherms or endotherms

A

usally direct on ectotherms and indirect on endotherms

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34
Q

the timing of periodic biological phenomena that are correlated with cyclic or seasonal events

A

phenology

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35
Q

if the timing of events shifting in different manners for interacting species

A

phenological mismatches

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36
Q

suggests that higher biodiversity leads to reduced disease

so lower biodiversity levels leads to increased disease

A

dilution effect

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37
Q

a mission-oriented science that focuses on how to protect and restore biodiversity

A

conservation biology

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38
Q

deals with understanding how anthropogenic change has affected/will be affecting ecosystems

A

global change ecology

39
Q

the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, and our environment

A

one health

40
Q

describe how the number of species that were identified increases with the number of individuals sampled

A

species accumulation curves
- species accumulaiton curves are initially steep but then level off once most species have been identified (the more you sample, the less likely it is that you see something new)

  • leveling off of the species accumulation curve can indicate adequate representation of the community in the samples
41
Q

how do we know when our sampling efforts have captured a community’s species richness and composition adequatley

A

when the species accumulation curve levels off

42
Q

collecting data at multiple spatial scales at randomly chosen locations allows understanding how community composition might vary across different areas

A

Hierarchial sampling designs

43
Q

suggest that the number of species that are found will increase with the area sampled

A

species area relationship

  • steeply first, and then more slowly as the probability increases that sampled species have already been observed in previous areas (similar to species accumulation curves)
44
Q

the number of species in a community

A

species richness

45
Q

describes how evenly individuals are spread among species by considering the relative abundances of each species compared to one another

A

species evenness

46
Q

plot the proportional abundance of each species (pi) relative to the others in rank order, can be used to understand whether differences in diversity are due to differences in species richness, eveness, or both

A

Rank abundance curves

47
Q

graphically depict the evolutionary relationships among a set of species. the length of branches typically represent the time since evolutionary divergence from the previous note.

A

phylogenetic trees

48
Q

can be measured by adding up all branch lengths within a phylogeny to create a single number that can be compared across locations and through time

A

phylogenetic diversity (PD)

49
Q

characteristics of species that describe their ecological roles in a community, including how that species interacts with other species and with the envionrment

A

functional traits

50
Q

graphically depict the relationships among a set of species in terms of their functional traits

A

functional diversity dendrograms

51
Q

the number of traits present in a community

A

functional richness

52
Q

the proportion of individuals in each functional group

A

functional evenness

53
Q

species richness across different habitats can be described using:

A

alpha, beta, and gamma diversity

54
Q

species richness across a region made up of smaller localities

the average number of species

gamma diversity is a product of alpha and beta diversity

A

gamma diversity

55
Q

the average number of species found within small, local-scale habitats in a region

A

alpha diversity

56
Q

a measure of heterogeneity of community composition among localities

A

beta diversity b = y/a

57
Q

the total number of species on Earth (global species richness)

the evolutionary diversity represented by these species

the diverse communities and ecosystems that these species build

A

biodiversity

58
Q

the number of species in a community

A

species richness

59
Q

describes how evenly individuals are spread among species by considering the relative abundances of each species compared to one another

A

species evenness

60
Q

a commonly used summary metric for species diversity, it incorporates both species richness and species evenness

A

Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index

61
Q

a distinct location on the planet where species richness is relatively high

A

biodiversity hotspot

62
Q

an increase in the taxonomic similarity of sites through time

A

biotic homogenization

63
Q

a part of the phylogeny that depicts different taxa

A

branch

64
Q

a group of species that share a single common ancestor node on a phylogeny

A

clade

65
Q

two or more species “hidden” under a single species name

A

cryptic species

66
Q

of a location: poor, or low, in biological diversity

A

depauperate

67
Q

a species found only in a restricted set of locations or habitat types and nowhere else

A

endemic species

68
Q

a measure of the diversity of species’ characteristics or functional roles of species within a community; the sum of the branch lengths of a functional diversity dendrogram

A

functional diversity (FD)

69
Q

a two dimensional visualization of the relationships among species in terms of their functional traits; uses root, nodes, and branch lengths in a fashion analogous to a phylogeneic tree

A

functional diversity dendrogram

70
Q

a measure of functional diversity that represents the proportion of individuals within each functional group across a functional dendrogram

A

functional evenness

71
Q

the number of different functional traits present in a community

A

functional richness

72
Q

a formal way of saying that often many names are used to refer to the same species

A

synonymy

73
Q

the closest evolutionary relative of a species depicted in a phylogeny

A

sister species

74
Q

a quantitative combination of both species evenness and richness that produces a single diversity measure

A

Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H)

75
Q

a point of branching within a phylogeny

A

node

76
Q

not geared for longlife or parental care, fast reproducing species

A

r-selected

77
Q

if we kill a bunch of whales, it will take a LONG time for them to come/reach carrying capacity again, this makes them_____ seleteced

A

K selected

78
Q

what takes longer primary succession or secondary succession

A

primary succession (start from nothin)

79
Q

the final, stable stage of ecological succession in an ecosystem, where the composition of species remains relatively unchanged over time unless disrupted by significant environmental changes or disturbances.

A

climax community

80
Q

low levels of disturbances is better for what kinds of species

A

K-selected species

81
Q

high levels of disturbances is better for what kinds of species

A

r-selected species

82
Q

occurs when a larger perturbation is needed to shift the system from one stable equilibrium into another than the other way round

A

hysteresis

83
Q

the destructive use of animals, plants, and their products for various consumptive (ex. food, medicine) and non-consumptive (ex. trophy hunting) purposes

A

exploitation or harvesting

84
Q

harvesting wild organisms at rates that are faster than the rates at which they can recover

A

overexploitation or overharvesting

85
Q

refers to situations where individuals or populations that are initially well-adapted to a particular environment experience reduced fitness or survival due to changes in that environment or other factors.

A

decline of the fittest

ex. fish sizes getting smaller

ex. elephant trunks getting smaller

86
Q

a species that is:
1. present in a location where it did not evolve
2. was moved there via human action

many cause little to no harm and many have been beneficial to human societies

A

non-native species

87
Q

a species that is:
1. present in a location where it did not evolve
2. was moved there via human action
3. has spread in its new location, producing negative impacts on the environment, human heath, or economic systems

A

invasive species

88
Q

refers to the process by which ecosystems across different regions become increasingly similar in terms of species composition, structure, and function. This often results in a loss of biodiversity, uniqueness, and ecological distinctiveness in different areas.

A

homogenization of ecosystems

89
Q

ecological concepts describing how species’ geographic distributions change over time often in response to envionrmental, biological, or anthropogenic factors

A

range shifts, range contractions, range expansions

90
Q

the movement of a species’ geographic range in response to environmental changes, such as climate change, habitat alterantion or other things

A

range shifts

species relocate to areas with more favorable conditions for survival and reproduction

often involves movement toward higher latitudes, elevations, or deeper ocean depths due to warming temperatures

ex. polar bears moving further north as Arctic ice melts (latitudinal shift)

91
Q

R0 > = 1

A

species can establish

92
Q

R0 <1

A

species goes extinct

93
Q

higher biodiversity leads to reduced disease

A

dilution effect

Psychology (32 decks)

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