c39

Question 1

what is immunology

Answer 1

the study of the immune system, the ways in which our bodies fight off invading organisms and infection

Question 2

minor infections can be fatal if we don’t have a proper working what

Answer 2

immune system

Question 3

cells, tissues and molecules involved in defending us

Answer 3

immune system

Question 3

resistant to infection

Answer 3

immune (having immunity)

Question 3

disease causing agents

Answer 3

pathogens

Question 3

variolation

Answer 3

deliberate infection of small pox

prevention of disease by inhalation or insertion of pustules into cuts from smallpox infected individuals into those not infected

Question 3

who invented vaccination

Answer 3

Jenner

Jenner observed milkmaids that had been infected with cowpox, didn’t catch small pox

Jenner inoculated a child with cowpox before infecting them purposely with small pox
RESULT: child did not catch smallpox

Question 3

Who provided the first human vaccine

Answer 3

Louis Pasteur

Question 4

how did Louis Pasteur create the rabies vaccine

Answer 4

• used an old bacterial culture of Cholera to infect chickens
• chickens did not die
• exposed these chickens to fresh Cholera, they DID NOT die

conclusion: aging bacterial cultures = weakened or attenuated (reduced) strains…. can be used to immunize or vaccinate

Question 5

fragment of pathogen

Answer 5

antigen

Question 6

vaccines expose us to what in order to induce an immune response

Answer 6

vaccines expose us to non-lethal doses of pathogen or antigen to induce an immune response

Question 7

significant reduction of infection due to majority of population being immune

Answer 7

herd immunity

Question 8

skepticism around vaccines grew after what

Answer 8

MMR vaccine “was linked” to autism WHICH IS FALSE

Question 9

what general happens with transplantation and the immune system

Answer 9

typically, the immune system recognizes a transplanted organ as foreign (NOT THE SELF) and rejects it

so we use genetic matching and immunosuppressive drugs to help transplant success

Question 10

good bacteria is also called

Answer 10

commensal bacteria

Question 11

do we need vaccines for all diseases?

Answer 11

no

some pathogens (pathogens lead to disease) are easily controlled with hygiene, clean water

some pathogens are also non-lethal

Question 12

branch of the immune system that defends the body against pathogens by using immune cells rather than antibodies

• involves T cells and is effective against intracellular pathogens

Answer 12

cellular immunity by Elie Metchnikoff

uses phagocytes etc

Question 13

cells that ingest foreign material/pathogens

Answer 13

phagocytes

Question 14

branch of the adaptive immune system that protects the body by producing antibodies to target and neutralize extracellular pathogens

primarily mediated by B cells and their secreted antibodies

Answer 14

humoral immunity discovered by Von Behring and Kitasato

Question 15

something in serum collected from blood transferred immunity to animals that were never infected

• contains antibodies specific to one or more antigens

Answer 15

antiserum

Question 16

antiserum contains something that could clump bacteria and neutralize toxins, what is this something

Answer 16

antibodies = gamma globulins = immunoglobulins

Question 17

immunity that develops when the body produces its own antibodies and immune cells in response to a pathogen or a vaccine

Answer 17

active immunity

Question 18

immunity that is acquired when antibodies are transferred to a person from another source

Answer 18

passive immunity

Question 19

occurs after exposure to a pathogen (ex. recovering from chickenpox)

Answer 19

natural active immunity

Question 20

occurs after receiving a vaccine that stimulates the immune system to produce a response without causing disease

Answer 20

artificial active immunity

Question 21

occurs naturally, such as the transfer of antibodies from a mother to her baby through the placenta or breast milk

Answer 21

natural passive immunity

Question 22

occurs when a person receives antibodies through an injection

Answer 22

artificial passive immunity

Question 23

what type of immunity is short-lived lasting weeks to months because the body does not produce memory cells also develops immediately because the antibodies are provided directly

Answer 23

passive immunity

Question 24

what type of immunity is long-lasting, often lifelong, because it leads to the formation of memory cells that "remember" the pathogen also takes days to weeks to develop because the immune system needs time to recognize the antigen and respond

Answer 24

active immunity

Question 25

what are the two pathogen recognition mechanisms

Answer 25

innate immunity and adaptive immunity

Question 26

commensal bacteria and our own tissues/cells

Answer 26

self

Question 27

invading pathogens

Answer 27

non-self

Question 28

cells that give rise to all cell types in the body

Answer 28

pluripotent, embryonic stem cells - not specialized can contribute to forming anything

Question 29

cells that give rise to tissue specific cell types

Answer 29

multipotent, adult stem cells - specific and most of the cells in our bodies

Question 30

where are stem cells found

Answer 30

in our bone marrow, mostly in thigh bone

Question 31

all our blood cells and immune cells originate from this stem cell - its a type of multipotent stem cell

Answer 31

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

Question 32

maturation of HSC into immune cells

Answer 32

Hematopoiesis

Question 33

are adult HSCs (hematopoietic stem cells) pluripotent or multipotent

Answer 33

multipotent

Question 34

is a biological cell that has the capacity to differentiate into a specific type of cell but has a more limited potential than a stem cell. Progenitor cells are often considered the intermediates between stem cells and fully differentiated cells in the process of development.

Answer 34

progenitor cell

Question 35

this stem cell gives rise to all our immune cells and blood cells

Answer 35

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

Question 36

specialized cells that maintain the niche for immune cell development

Answer 36

stromal cells

Question 37

what are the primary lymphoid organs

Answer 37

bone marrow and thymus (small organ in the upper chest, between the lungs)

Question 38

what are red blood cells called

Answer 38

erythrocytes