c39 Flashcards
what is immunology
the study of the immune system, the ways in which our bodies fight off invading organisms and infection
minor infections can be fatal if we don’t have a proper working what
immune system
cells, tissues and molecules involved in defending us
immune system
resistant to infection
immune (having immunity)
disease causing agents
pathogens
variolation
deliberate infection of small pox
prevention of disease by inhalation or insertion of pustules into cuts from smallpox infected individuals into those not infected
who invented vaccination
Jenner
Jenner observed milkmaids that had been infected with cowpox, didn’t catch small pox
Jenner inoculated a child with cowpox before infecting them purposely with small pox
RESULT: child did not catch smallpox
Who provided the first human vaccine
Louis Pasteur
how did Louis Pasteur create the rabies vaccine
- used an old bacterial culture of Cholera to infect chickens
- chickens did not die
- exposed these chickens to fresh Cholera, they DID NOT die
conclusion: aging bacterial cultures = weakened or attenuated (reduced) strains…. can be used to immunize or vaccinate
fragment of pathogen
antigen
vaccines expose us to what in order to induce an immune response
vaccines expose us to non-lethal doses of pathogen or antigen to induce an immune response
significant reduction of infection due to majority of population being immune
herd immunity
skepticism around vaccines grew after what
MMR vaccine “was linked” to autism WHICH IS FALSE
what general happens with transplantation and the immune system
typically, the immune system recognizes a transplanted organ as foreign (NOT THE SELF) and rejects it
so we use genetic matching and immunosuppressive drugs to help transplant success
good bacteria is also called
commensal bacteria
do we need vaccines for all diseases?
no
some pathogens (pathogens lead to disease) are easily controlled with hygiene, clean water
some pathogens are also non-lethal
branch of the immune system that defends the body against pathogens by using immune cells rather than antibodies
- involves T cells and is effective against intracellular pathogens
cellular immunity by Elie Metchnikoff
uses phagocytes etc
cells that ingest foreign material/pathogens
phagocytes
branch of the adaptive immune system that protects the body by producing antibodies to target and neutralize extracellular pathogens
primarily mediated by B cells and their secreted antibodies
humoral immunity discovered by Von Behring and Kitasato
something in serum collected from blood transferred immunity to animals that were never infected
- contains antibodies specific to one or more antigens
antiserum
antiserum contains something that could clump bacteria and neutralize toxins, what is this something
antibodies = gamma globulins = immunoglobulins
immunity that develops when the body produces its own antibodies and immune cells in response to a pathogen or a vaccine
active immunity
immunity that is acquired when antibodies are transferred to a person from another source
passive immunity
occurs after exposure to a pathogen (ex. recovering from chickenpox)
natural active immunity
occurs after receiving a vaccine that stimulates the immune system to produce a response without causing disease
artificial active immunity
occurs naturally, such as the transfer of antibodies from a mother to her baby through the placenta or breast milk
natural passive immunity
occurs when a person receives antibodies through an injection
artificial passive immunity
what type of immunity is short-lived lasting weeks to months because the body does not produce memory cells
also develops immediately because the antibodies are provided directly
passive immunity
what type of immunity is long-lasting, often lifelong, because it leads to the formation of memory cells that “remember” the pathogen
also takes days to weeks to develop because the immune system needs time to recognize the antigen and respond
active immunity
what are the two pathogen recognition mechanisms
innate immunity and adaptive immunity
commensal bacteria and our own tissues/cells
self
invading pathogens
non-self
cells that give rise to all cell types in the body
pluripotent, embryonic stem cells
- not specialized can contribute to forming anything
cells that give rise to tissue specific cell types
multipotent, adult stem cells
- specific and most of the cells in our bodies
where are stem cells found
in our bone marrow, mostly in thigh bone
all our blood cells and immune cells originate from this stem cell
- its a type of multipotent stem cell
hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
maturation of HSC into immune cells
Hematopoiesis
are adult HSCs (hematopoietic stem cells) pluripotent or multipotent
multipotent
is a biological cell that has the capacity to differentiate into a specific type of cell but has a more limited potential than a stem cell. Progenitor cells are often considered the intermediates between stem cells and fully differentiated cells in the process of development.
progenitor cell
this stem cell gives rise to all our immune cells and blood cells
hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
specialized cells that maintain the niche for immune cell development
stromal cells
what are the primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow and thymus (small organ in the upper chest, between the lungs)
what are red blood cells called
erythrocytes
