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Lower Extremity Anatomy > Plantar Foot: Part 1 > Flashcards

Plantar Foot: Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

1st ray

A
  • Medial cuneiform

- 1st metatarsal

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2
Q

2nd ray

A
  • Intermediate cuneiform

- 2nd metatarsal

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3
Q

3rd ray

A
  • Lateral cuneiform

- 3rd metatarsal

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4
Q

4th ray

A
  • 4th metatarsal
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5
Q

5th ray

A
  • 5th metatarsal
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6
Q

Rays of the foot (toe units)

A
  • Rays 1-5

- Some consider the phalanges as part of the rays

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7
Q

Plantar aspect of the foot

A
  • Thick skin
  • Thick layer of subcutaneous fat (especially over MTP joints and calcaneus)
  • Supported by septa
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8
Q

Deep Fascia/Plantar Aponeurosis (Fascia)

A
  • Attaches to skin, bone and muscles
  • 3 Bands (slips)
  • Important in Windlass mechanism
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9
Q

3 bands (slips) of plantar fascia

A
  • Medial band
  • Lateral band
  • Central band
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10
Q

Windlass Mechanism

A
  • Plantar fascia simulates a cable attached to the calcaneus and the metatarsophalangeal joints
  • Dorsiflexion during propulsion winds plantar fascia around the head of the metatarsal
  • Winding shortens distance between calcaneus and metatarsals to elevate the medial longitudinal arch
  • PF shortening that results from hallux dorsiflexion is the essence of the windlass mechanism principle
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11
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A
  • Inflammation of the central band at its attachment to medial process of calcaneal tuberosity
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12
Q

Medial band

A
  • Thinnest portion

- Covers abductor hallucis muscle

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13
Q

Medial band proximal attachment

A
  • Medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity
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14
Q

Medial band distal attachment

A
  • Not bony
  • Blends with fascia (fascia dorsalis pedis, inferior band of cruciate crural ligament, and central band of plantar fascia)
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15
Q

Lateral band

A
  • Covers abductor digiti minimi and flexor digiti minimi brevis
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16
Q

Lateral band proximal attachment

A
  • Lateral tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity
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17
Q

Lateral band distal attachment

A
  • Deep fascia (fascia dorsalis pedis and central band)

- Styloid process of 5th metatarsal (calcaneometatarsal ligament)

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18
Q

Central band

A
  • Thickest, toughest part of fascia
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19
Q

Central band proximal attachment

A
  • Posterior calcaneal tuberosity
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20
Q

Central band distal attachment

A
  • Divides into 5 bands near the metatarsal bases (one for each metatarsal)
  • At the met heads: divide into superficial and deep layers
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21
Q

Central band distal attachment of superficial layer

A
  • Dermis of skin
  • Longitudinal fibers
  • Transverse fibers
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22
Q

Transverse metatarsal ligament is formed by

A
  • Longitudinal fibers

- Transverse fibers

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23
Q

Longitudinal fibers (central band superficial layer distal attachment)

A
  • Attach to skin in the sulcus between toes and metatarsals
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24
Q

Transverse fibers (central band superficial layer distal attachment)

A
  • Connect the digital bands together at the level of the MTP joints
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25
Q

Central band distal attachment of deep layer

A
  • Splits into medial and lateral slips (attach to bone and blend with flexor sheaths)
  • Medial and lateral base of proximal phalanges of corresponding digit
  • Plantar MTP joint ligaments, plantal plate
  • Deep transverse metatarsal ligament
26
Q

The 1st medial slip (central band deep layer)

A
  • Attaches to the sesamoid bones at the 1st MTP joint
27
Q

Plantar foot layer 1 muscles

A
  • Abductor hallucis
  • Flexor digitorum brevis
  • Abductor digiti minimi (quinti)
28
Q

Plantar foot layer 2 muscles

A
  • Quadratus plantae (flexor accessories)
  • Lumbricals (4 of them)
  • Flexor digitorum longus tendon
  • Flexor hallucis longus tendon
29
Q

Plantar foot layer 3 muscles

A
  • Adductor hallucis
  • Transverse and oblique heads
  • Flexor hallucis brevis
  • Flexor digitorum brevis
30
Q

Plantar foot layer 4 mucsles

A
  • Plantar interossei (3 of them)
  • Dorsal interossei (4 of them)
  • Tibialis posterior tendon
  • Fibularis longus tendon
31
Q

The muscles of layers 3 and 4 are located

A
  • In the forefoot
32
Q

The lateral plantar artery/vein/nerve pathway

A
  • Pass between layers 1 and 2
33
Q

The medial plantar artery/vein/nerve pathway

A
  • Pass within layer 1
  • Between abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis
  • Deep to abductor hallucis
  • Some also say between layers 1 and 2
34
Q

The arteries are located outside of the nerves

A
  • Lateral plantar artery is lateral to the lateral plantar nerve
  • Medial plantar artery is medial to the medial plantar nerve
35
Q

Muscular compartments of plantar foot (9)

A
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Central
  • Interosseous (4)
  • Dorsal
36
Q

Medial plantar compartment formed by

A
  • Plantar aponeurosis
  • Medial intermuscular septum
  • 1st metatarsal
37
Q

Medial plantar compartment contains

A
  • Abductor hallucis
  • Flexor hallucis brevis
  • FHL tendon
  • Medial plantar nerve/artery
38
Q

Lateral plantar compartment formed by

A
  • Plantar aponeurosis
  • Lateral intermuscular septum
  • 5th metatarsal
39
Q

Lateral plantar compartment contains

A
  • Abductor digiti minimi
  • Flexor digiti minimi
  • Lateral plantar nerve/artery
40
Q

Central plantar compartment formed by

A
  • Both intermuscular septa
  • Plantar aponeurosis
  • Inferior interosseous fascia
41
Q

Subdivisions of central compartment

A
  • Separated by fascial layers
  • Superficial central
  • Deep central (adductor)
  • Calcaneal (deep hindfoot)
42
Q

Superficial central compartment contains

A
  • FDB
  • Lumbricals
  • Tendon of FDL
43
Q

Deep central (adductor) compartment contains

A
  • Found in the forefoot

- Adductor hallucis

44
Q

Calcaneal (deep hindfoot) compartment contains

A
  • QP muscle

- Lateral plantar nerve & artery

45
Q

Interosseous compartments

A
  • Formed by dorsal and plantar interossei (4 separate compartments)
  • Contain associated nerves and vessels
46
Q

Dorsal plantar compartment contains

A
  • Tendons of extensor muscles
47
Q

Intermuscular septum attachment points

A
  • Medial: from calcaneus to 1st met head
  • Lateral: from calcaneus to the 5th met head
  • Both attach to other tarsal bones
48
Q

Abductor hallucis

A
  • Visible/ palpable on medial side of foot

- Forms boundary for porta pedis

49
Q

Abductor hallucis origin

A
  • Medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity
  • Flexor retinaculum
  • Plantar fascia
  • Intermuscular septum
50
Q

Abductor hallucis insertion

A
  • Medial tubercle base of proximal phalanx of hallux

- Medial sesamoid

51
Q

Abductor hallucis blood supply/innervation

A
  • Medial plantar artery and nerve
52
Q

Abductor hallucis function

A
  • Abduct hallux

- Flex (plantarflex) hallux

53
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis origin

A
  • Medial tubercle of calcaneal tuberosity
  • Plantar aponeurosis
  • Intermuscular septum
54
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis insertion

A
  • Plantar aspect of bases of middle phalanges 2-5
  • Tendons are plantar to the FDL tendons
  • Split to allow them to pass
55
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis blood supply/innervation

A
  • Medial plantar artery and nerve
56
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis function

A
  • Flex digits 2-5 (PIP and MTP joints)
57
Q

Abductor digiti minimi (quinti) origin

A
  • Medial and lateral tubercles of calcaneal tuberosity
  • Plantar aponeurosis
  • Intermuscular septum
58
Q

Abductor digiti minimi (quinti) insertion

A
  • Lateral base of proximal phalanx of 5th toe
59
Q

Abductor digiti minimi (quinti) blood supply/innervation

A
  • Lateral plantar artery and nerve

- Also called inferior calcaneal nerve (Baxters nerve)

60
Q

Abductor digiti minim (quinti) function

A
  • Abduct 5th toe

- Flex (plantarflex) 5th toe

Lower Extremity Anatomy (35 decks)

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