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Lower Extremity Anatomy > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Gluteal region

A
  • Posterior iliac crest to gluteal fold
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2
Q

Hip (coxal) region

A
  • Over hip joint & greater trochanter
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3
Q

Thigh (femoral) region

A
  • Between the gluteal fold, greater trochanter, inguinal region and the knee
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4
Q

Knee (genu) region

A
  • Over knee joint

- Between leg and thigh

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5
Q

Popliteal region

A
  • Back of knee
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6
Q

Leg(crus) region

A
  • Between knee and ankle
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7
Q

Calf (sural) region

A
  • Posterior aspect of lower leg
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8
Q

Ankle region

A
  • Between leg and foot

- Includes malleoli

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9
Q

Foot (pes) region

A
  • Dorsum
  • Plantar
  • Calcaneal
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10
Q

Calcaneal

A
  • The heel (medial, lateral, plantar)
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11
Q

Flexion

A
  • Decreasing the angle between body parts
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12
Q

Extension

A
  • Increasing the angle between body parts
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13
Q

Abduction

A
  • Moving away from midline
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14
Q

Adduction

A
  • Moving towards midline
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15
Q

Medial rotation (internal)

A
  • Movement around the long axis

- Anterior surface moves toward midline

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16
Q

Lateral rotation (external)

A
  • Movement around the long axis

- Anterior surface moves away from midline

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17
Q

Circumduction

A
  • Circular movement

- Combines flex/abd/ext/add

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18
Q

Eversion

A
  • Movement of plantar surface of foot away from body
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19
Q

Inversion

A
  • Movement of plantar surface of foot towards body
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20
Q

Dorsiflexion

A
  • Bringing dorsum of foot towards anterior leg
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21
Q

Plantarflexion

A
  • Moving the dorsum of the foot away from anterior leg
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22
Q

Supination of foot

A
  • Plantarflexion
  • Inversion
  • Adduction
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23
Q

Pronation of foot

A
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Eversion
  • Abduction
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24
Q

Muscles are named based on

A
  • Location
  • Size
  • Origin/insertion
  • Function
  • Shape
  • Fiber direction
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25
Q

If a muscle crosses a joint,

A
  • It has a function on that joint
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26
Q

You can figure out muscle function based on

A
  • Attachment points
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27
Q

Tendon

A
  • Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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28
Q

Aponeurosis

A
  • Flat tendon

- Attaches muscle to muscle or bone or skin

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29
Q

Tendon sheath (not present around all tendons)

A
  • Fibrous membrane around a tendon
  • 2 layers
  • Outer fibrous
  • Inner synovial
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30
Q

Tendon sheath function

A
  • Allows tendon to glide when muscle is contracted and relaxed (reduce friction)
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31
Q

Inner synovial layer of tendon sheath produces

A
  • Small amounts of fluid
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32
Q

Mesotendon

A
  • Reflection of synovial layers that connect a tendon to the tendon sheath
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33
Q

Vincula (vinculum is singular)

A
  • Narrow connective tissue band of mesotendon
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34
Q

Vincula are found on

A
  • Flexor tendons of foot and hand
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35
Q

Vincula allow

A
  • Passage of vessels to the tendon
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36
Q

Paratendon (“false tendon sheath”)

A
  • Loose connective tissue sheath that surrounds some tendons (Achilles)
  • No synovium
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37
Q

Paratendon function

A
  • Not the same as a tendon sheath

- Allow for gliding movement

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38
Q

Paratendon vascularity

A
  • Highly vascular

- Blood vessels also supply the tendon it surrounds

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39
Q

Clinical importance of paratendons

A
  • Tendon pathology and post tendon surgical healing
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40
Q

Vasa vasorum

A
  • Vessels within the walls of large arteries/veins

- Supply the tissues of the vessel wall

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41
Q

Vasa nervorum

A
  • Vessels that supply peripheral nerves and ganglia
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42
Q

End arteries

A
  • Only blood supply for an area
  • Occlusion blocks blood supply to that area
  • Ex: Proper digital arteries
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43
Q

Anastomoses

A
  • Communication between arteries or veins
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44
Q

Arterial anastomoses provide

A
  • Alternate blood supply to an area

- Connection between separate arteries

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45
Q

Types of arterial anastomoses

A
  • Scapular anastomosis
  • Genicular anastomosis
  • Cruciate anastomosis
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46
Q

Venous anastomoses

A
  • Provide alternate route of venous return

- Abundant

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47
Q

Arteriovenous anastomoses

A
  • Common in the skin (heat regulation)
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48
Q

Deep vs. superficial veins

A
  • Relationship to deep fascia

- Deep veins have an accompany artery of the same name

49
Q

Venous valves

A
  • Prevent backflow along with the muscle action of the lower limbs
50
Q

Vena comitans (plural: venae comitantes) is latin for

A
  • Accompanying vein
51
Q

Vena comitans

A
  • Commonly paired
  • Referred to the artery which it accompanies
  • Ex: venae comitantes of fibular artery
  • Surround artery
52
Q

Arterial pulsations

A
  • Help venous return
53
Q

Muscle contraction

A
  • Compressions veins

- Moves blood against gravity

54
Q

Superficial veins

A
  • Travel in superficial fascia
  • No accompanying arteries
  • Variation in patterns
  • Many valves
  • Drains into deep veins
55
Q

Perforating veins

A
  • Penetrate deep fascia
  • Connect superficial veins to deep veins
  • Valves allow blood flow superficial to deep
56
Q

Superficial fascia

A
  • Fat and loose connective tissue
  • Cutaneous nerves
  • Superficial veins
  • Lymph vessels and nodes
57
Q

Deep fascia

A
  • Dense connective tissue
58
Q

Deep fascia function

A
  • Enclose muscle (provides muscle attachment)
  • Forms sheaths around neurovasculature (aids in venous return)
  • Forms intermuscular septa
  • Forms aponeuroses (plantar aponeurosis/fascia)
59
Q

Intermuscular septa (and medial)

A
  • Reflections of deep fascia

- Form compartments

60
Q

Retinacula

A
  • Thickenings of deep fascia found around joints (retention bands)
61
Q

Fascia lata (thigh)

A
  • Iliotibial tract: Thickening of fascia lata

- Iliac tubercle to Gerdy’s tubercle

62
Q

Crural fascia (leg)

A
  • Anterior and posterior intermuscular septum
  • Anterior/lateral/posterior compartments
  • Transverse intermuscular septum
63
Q

Great saphenous vein arises from

A
  • Dorsal venous arch (medial marginal vein) & dorsal vein of 1st digit
  • Ascends medially
64
Q

Great saphenous vein ascends medially and

A
  • Anterior to medial malleolus

- Posterior to medial femur condyle

65
Q

Great saphenous vein passes through

A
  • Saphenous opening (fossa ovalis)
  • Drains into femoral vein
  • Commonly used for other procedures
66
Q

Small saphenous vein arises from

A
  • Dorsal venous arch (lateral marginal vein)

- Dorsal vein of 5th digit

67
Q

Small saphenous vein located

A
  • Posterior to lateral malleolus
68
Q

Small saphenous vein drains into

A
  • Popliteal vein (not always)
69
Q

Small saphenous vein travels with

A
  • Sural nerve
70
Q

Lymphatic drainage of lower extremity involves

A
  • Inguinal lymph nodes (superficial and deep)
  • Popliteal lymph nodes
  • Anterior tibial lymph node
71
Q

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes (in superficial fascia)

A
  • Horizontal Group (5-6 nodes)

- Vertical Group (4-5 nodes)

72
Q

Horizontal group (5-6 nodes)

A
  • Located right below inguinal ligament
73
Q

Vertical Group (4-5 nodes)

A
  • Located along terminal end of saphenous vein
74
Q

Deep Inguinal Lymph Nodes (deep to fascia lata)

A
  • Located medial to femoral vein
75
Q

Popliteal Lymph nodes

A
  • Located deep to popliteal fascia
76
Q

Anterior tibial lymph node

A
  • Inconsistent in lower extremity lymph drainage
77
Q

Superficial lymphatics located

A
  • In superficial fascia
78
Q

Majority of superficial lymphatics drain into

A
  • Vertical group of superficial inguinal nodes
79
Q

Superficial lymphatics in the small saphenous territory

A
  • Posterior, lateral leg and foot
80
Q

Superficial lymphatics in the small saphenous territory (posterior, lateral leg and foot) drain into

A
  • Popliteal nodes
81
Q

Deep lymphatics located

A
  • Deep to deep fascia
82
Q

Lymph vessels travel with blood vessels and drain into

A
  • Deep inguinal nodes directly

- Popliteal nodes (deep tissues of leg and foot)

83
Q

Popliteal nodes drain into

A
  • Deep inguinal nodes
84
Q

Deep gluteal region drains into

A
  • Internal iliac nodes
85
Q

Infection of nodes can cause

A
  • Enlargement and tenderness of the lymph nodes
86
Q

Autonomics of the Lower Extremity

A
  • No parasympathetic to lower extremity

- Sympathetic nerve fibers travel with peripheral nerves to innervate vessels, sweat glands of the lower extremity

87
Q

Sympathetic innervation of lower extremity

A
  • Presynaptic (preganglionic) nerve fibers originate lateral horn of T10-12, L1-2
88
Q

Presynaptic (preganglionic) nerve fibers travel in

A
  • White rami communicantes to the sympathetic trunks

- Descend and synapse in lumbar and sacral paravertebral ganglia

89
Q

Paravertebral ganglia of the lower extremity

A
  • 4 lumbar paravertebral ganglia

- 4-5 sacral paravertebral ganglia (medial to anterior sacral foramina)

90
Q

Postsynaptic (postganglionic) nerve fibers travel in

A
  • Gray rami communicantes to enter lumbosacral plexus
91
Q

Postsynaptic (postganglionic) nerve fibers are distributed to the lower extremity by

A
  • Traveling in peripheral nerves (branches of the lumbosacral plexus)
92
Q

Injury to cutaneous nerve (branches of lumbosacral plexus) causes

A
  • Loss of sensation in the area it innervates
93
Q

Anterior femoral cutaneous nerves (femoral)

A
  • Intermediate femoral cutaneous

- Medial femoral cutaneous

94
Q

Dermatomes reflect

A
  • Cutaneous innevation of a spinal segment
95
Q

Sensory abnormalities that follow a dermatomal distribution indicate

A
  • A problem with the cord or spinal nerve/roots
96
Q

L1 dermatome

A
  • Inguinal region
97
Q

L2 dermatome

A
  • Anterolateral thigh
98
Q

L3 dermatome

A
  • Anteromedial thigh
99
Q

L4 dermatome

A
  • Medial leg

- Big toe

100
Q

L5 dermatome

A
  • Anterior leg
  • Foot dorsum
  • Big toe
  • Digits 2,3
101
Q

S1 dermatome

A
  • Little toe

- Lateral foot

102
Q

S2 dermatome

A
  • Posterior thigh
103
Q

Myotomes of lower extremity reflect

A
  • Muscular innevation of a spinal segment (cord, roots, spinal nerve)
104
Q

Motor abnormalities that follow a dermatomal distribution indicate

A
  • A problem with the cord or spinal nerve/roots
105
Q

Most muscles of extremities are comprised of

A
  • Multiple myotomes
106
Q

Hip flexion, adduction, and medial rotation

107
Q

Hip extension, abduction, and lateral rotation

108
Q

Knee extension

109
Q

Knee flexion

110
Q

Ankle dorsiflexion

111
Q

Ankle plantarfelxion

112
Q

Inversion

113
Q

Eversion

114
Q

MTP dorsiflexion

115
Q

MTP plantarflexion

116
Q

Deep tendon reflexes

A
  • Patellar tendon: L2,3,4

- Achilles: S1,2

117
Q

Superficial reflexes

A
  • Motor responses to scraping of the skin

- Can indicate a problem with brain/spinal cord

118
Q

Plantar reflex

A
  • Stroke the sole of the foot

- Abnormal response is Babinski sign

119
Q

Babinski sign

A
  • Toe fanning and 1st digit extension

- This response is normal before 1 yr of age

Lower Extremity Anatomy (35 decks)

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