Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lower Extremity Anatomy > Knee > Flashcards

Knee Flashcards

1
Q

Tibia

A
  • Long bone with a diaphysis and a proximal and distal epiphyses
  • Transfers majority of weight between femur and talus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tibia articulates with

A
  • Femur
  • Fibula
  • Talus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structures at anterior proximal end of tibia

A
  • Medial/lateral condyle
  • Intercondylar eminence
  • Anterior/posterior intercondylar surface
  • Tibial tuberosity
  • Gerdy’s tubercle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Medial condyle of tibia

A
  • Larger with larger articular surface

- Oval shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lateral condyle of tibia

A
  • Smaller than medial

- Circular shaped articular surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Intercondylar eminence

A
  • Located between condyles

- Medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anterior and posterior intercondylar surface

A
  • Attachment of cruciate ligaments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tibial tuberosity

A
  • Attachment of patellar ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gerdy’s tubercle (tubercle of the iliotibial tract)

A
  • Small projection
  • Lateral to tibial tuberosity and patellar apex (when knee is extended)
  • IT tract attaches
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Structures at posterior proximal end of tibia

A
  • Groove for semimembranosus tendon

- Fibular articular facet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Groove for semimembranosus tendon

A
  • Posteromedial edge of medial condyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fibular articular facet

A
  • Facet on lateral condyle

- Articulates with fibular head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fibula

A
  • Long slender bone
  • IMPORTANT for ankle stability
  • Transmits small amounts of weight (~15%)
  • Site of muscle attachment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fibula articulates with

A
  • Tibia

- Talus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Proximal fibula structures

A
  • Head of fibula
  • “Square-ish” in shape
  • Subcutaneous, easily palpated
  • Common fibular nerve
  • Articular facet
  • Apex of fibula (styloid process)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Common fibular nerve passes

A
  • Around fibular head/neck

- Easily damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Articular facet of proximal fibula

A
  • Articulates with lateral condyle of tibia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Patella

A
  • Sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon
  • Superficial, easily palpated
  • Increases mechanical advantage of quadriceps muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Patella articulates with

A
  • Femoral condyles to form the patellofemoral joint

- Triangular in shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Apex of patella

A
  • Pointed inferior end

- Just proximal to knee joint line when knee is extended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Base of patella

A
  • Wide superior end

- Outer border is rough b/c of tendon/ligament attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Patella development

A
  • 1 or 2 ossification centers that appear between 3-6th year

- Fusion at puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lack of patella fusion

A
  • Bipartite patella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Patella posterior surface

A
  • Smooth

- Covered with thick articular (hyaline) cartilage in a living person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Articular facets of patella

A
  • Separated by a vertical ridge
  • Medial facet
  • Lateral facet
  • Odd facet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Medial facet of patella

A
  • Articulates with medial femoral condyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lateral facet of patella

A
  • Larger

- Articulates with the lateral femoral condyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Odd facet of patella

A
  • Most medial aspect of medial facet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Patella stabilized by

A
  • Medial and lateral retinacula

- Multi-layered connective tissue structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Patella retinacula attach to

A
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Femur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Patella retinacula derived from neighboring structures

A
  • Crural fascia
  • MCL (medial side
    patellofemoral and patellotibial ligaments: medial and lateral sides)
  • IT band (lateral side)
  • Quadriceps aponeurosis (medial and lateral sides)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Genu varus

A
  • Leg angled inward
  • Knee shifted laterally
  • Apex of deformity is lateral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Genu valgus

A
  • Leg angled outward
  • Knee shifted medially
  • Apex of deformity is medial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Normal development of knee

A
  • Varus until about 2 years
  • “Physiological bowing”
  • Valgus at age 3
  • Degree of valgus decreases to adult level by age 7
  • Remains slightly valgus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Knee joint consist of articulations between

A
  • Femur and patella (patellofemoral joint)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Characteristics of knee condyles

A
  • Medial/lateral femoral condyles: convex

- Medial/lateral tibial condyles: concave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Knee joint

A
  • Modified hinge joint

- Combination of gliding, pivot, and hinge joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Knee joint (modified hinge joint) allows for

A
  • Rotation in sagittal plane: flexion/extension
  • Rotation in transverse plane: internal and external rotation
  • Translation in sagittal plane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Muscles surrounding knee are most important in

A
  • Stability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Knee joint capsule is reinforced by

A
  • Ligaments posteriorly and laterally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Anterior knee joint capsule is formed by

A
  • Patellar ligament

- Medial and lateral retinacula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Synovial membrane (lines joint capsule) attaches to

A
  • Articular margins of the patella, femoral cartilage, and meniscal edges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Synovial membrane covers

A
  • Cruciate ligaments anteriorly

- Posterior aspect of the infrapatellar fat pad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Cruciate ligaments and posterior aspect of the infrapatellar fat pad are considered

A
  • Intracapsular but extra-synovial

- Outside the synovial space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Infrapatellar fat pad

A
  • Adipose found inferior to patella
  • Deep to patellar ligament
  • Between patellar tendon and synovial membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Infrapatellar plica (ligamentum mucosum)

A
  • Synovial fold
  • Embryological remnant of knee joint division
  • Other plica:
  • Suprapatellar
  • Medial and lateral patellar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Menisci of knee

A
  • Crescent shaped fibrocartilage plates
  • Intracapsular, intrasynovial (outer surface is not intrasynovial)
  • Thicker at periphery, thin centrally
48
Q

Menisci function

A
  • Improve congruency between tibia and femur
  • Shock absorption
  • Load dispersion
49
Q

Menisci attachments

A
  • Attached to tibia via coronary ligaments

- Connected by transverse ligament of knee anteriorly

50
Q

Anterior/posterior horns of menisci

A
  • Each attaches to the intercondylar area
51
Q

Medial meniscus

A
  • “C”-shaped
  • Less mobile
  • Attached to MCL
  • Wider posterior than anterior
52
Q

Lateral meniscus

A
  • More circular in shape
  • Covers a large portion of lateral condyle
  • More movable
  • Uniform width
  • Broader than medial meniscus
  • Popliteus attaches and is located posterolaterally
53
Q

Menisci vascularity

A
  • Outer 25% well vascularized

- Inner is nourished by synovial fluid

54
Q

Extracapsular and capsular ligaments of knee

A
  • Patellar ligament (anteriorly)

- Retinacula anteromedially and anterolaterally

55
Q

Fibular collateral ligament (lateral collateral ligament of knee)

A
  • Extracapsular
  • Lateral epicondyle to apex of fibular head (at biceps femoris insertion)
  • Narrow, rope like ligament
56
Q

Fibular collateral ligament (LCL) resists

A
  • Varus stress to knee

- Taut in extension

57
Q

Tibial collateral ligament (medial collateral ligament of knee)

A
  • Medial epicondyle to medial tibial condyle and tibial shaft
  • Broad ligament that blends with the capsule (capsular ligament)
  • Attaches firmly to medial meniscus
58
Q

Damage to MCL

A
  • Usually causes damage to medial meniscus as well
59
Q

MCL resists

A
  • Valgus stress to knee

- Taut in extension

60
Q

Oblique popliteal ligament

A
  • Capsular ligament
  • Blends with and supports the posterior capsule
  • Extension from semimembranosus tendon
  • Attaches to lateral femoral condyle
61
Q

Arcuate popliteal ligament

A
  • Capsular ligament
  • Y-shaped ligament
  • Attaches to apex of fibula and divides into 2 limbs
  • Supports posterolateral knee
62
Q

Division of arcuate popliteal ligament

A
  • Medial limb curves over popliteus muscle and blends with oblique popliteal ligament (also attaches to tibia)
  • Lateral limb blends with lateral capsule
63
Q

Intracapsular ligaments of knee

A
  • Within capsule

- Extrasynovial (outside synovium)

64
Q

Cruciate ligaments

A
  • Resist anterior/posterior translation and rotation

- Guide movement

65
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament attaches

A
  • Anterior intercondylar fossa of tibia to medial side of lateral femoral condyle in intercondylar notch
  • Travels in a superior posterolateral direction
66
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament resists

A
  • Posterior displacement of femur (anterior displacement of tibia
  • Knee hyperextension(taut in extension
67
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament

A
  • Thicker and stronger than ACL
68
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament attaches to

A
  • Posterior intercondylar fossa of tibia to lateral side of medial femoral condyle in intercondylar notch
  • Travels in a superior anteromedial direction
69
Q

Posterior cruciate ligaments resist

A
  • Anterior femur displacement (or posterior tibial displacement
  • Knee hyperflexion
70
Q

Extracapsular ligaments of knee

A
  • Fibular collateral ligament (LCL)
71
Q

Capsular ligaments of knee

A
  • Tibial collateral ligament (MCL)
  • Oblique popliteal ligament
  • Arcuate popliteal ligament
72
Q

Intracapsular ligaments of knee

A
  • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  • Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
  • Transverse ligament (transverse genicular ligament)
  • Meniscofemoral ligaments
  • Meniscotibial ligaments (coronary ligaments)
73
Q

Transverse ligament of the knee (transverse genicular ligament)

A
  • Not always present

- Attaches to anterior horn of medial meniscus and anterior margin of lateral meniscus

74
Q

Meniscofemoral ligaments

A
  • Span from the posterior horn of lateral meniscus to the lateral aspect of medial femoral condyle
  • Named based on their relationship to the PCL
75
Q

Meniscofemoral ligaments (names)

A
  • Anterior meniscofemoral ligament (Ligament of Humphrey)

- Posterior meniscofemoral ligament (Ligament of Wrisberg)

76
Q

Anterior meniscofemoral ligament (Ligament of Humphrey)

A
  • Anterior to PCL
77
Q

Posterior meniscofemoral ligament (Ligament of Wrisberg)

A
  • Posterior to PCL
78
Q

Meniscotibial ligaments (coronary ligaments)

A
  • Attach to menisci periphery and tibial plateau

- Also anchors horns of menisci to tibia

79
Q

Popliteus

A
  • Partially intracapsular and extracapsular
  • Proximal tendon is found between LCL and lateral meniscus
  • Covered by fascia derived from semimembranosus
80
Q

Popliteus origin

A
  • Lateral femoral condyle (popliteal groove)
  • Lateral meniscus
  • Knee joint capsule
81
Q

Popliteus insertion

A
  • Superior to soleal line (tibia)
82
Q

Popliteus innervation

A
  • Tibial nerve
83
Q

Popliteus blood supply

A
  • Posterior tibial artery

- Medial inferior genicular artery

84
Q

Popliteus function

A
  • Unlocks knee by laterally rotating femur on tibia or medially rotating tibia on femur
  • Pulls meniscus posteriorly
85
Q

Knee movement

A
  • Mostly flexion and extension
  • Rotation in sagittal plane
  • Some medial and lateral rotation
  • Rotation in transverse plane
    Translation
86
Q

Open kinetic chain (foot off the ground) during knee extension

A
  • Tibia glides (translates) anteriorly on femur

- Last 15-20ᵒ of extension, tibia rotates externally on femur

87
Q

Open kinetic chain (foot off the ground) during knee flexion

A
  • Tibia glides posteriorly on femur

- First 15-20ᵒ of flexion, tibia rotates internally on femur

88
Q

Closed kinetic chain (foot is on the ground) during knee extension

A
  • Femur translates posteriorly on stable tibia

- Last 20ᵒ femur rotates internally on tibia

89
Q

Closed kinetic chain (foot is on the ground) during knee flexion

A
  • Femur glides anteriorly on tibia

- First 20ᵒ femur rotates externally

90
Q

Screw home mechanism

A
  • Occurs last 15-20ᵒ of knee extension
  • Medial tibial plateau is longer, movement continues on medial side
  • Position of maximal stability, ligaments are taut
91
Q

Muscles of knee extension

A
  • Rectus femoris
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Vastus intermedius
  • Vastus medialis
92
Q

Muscles of knee felxion

A
  • Biceps femoris (long/short heads)
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
  • Gracilis
  • Sartorius
  • Popliteus
  • Plantaris
93
Q

Muscles of knee internal (medial) rotation (when knee is flexed)

A
  • Gracilis
  • Sartorius
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
  • Popliteus
94
Q

Muscles of knee external (lateral) rotation (when knee is flexed)

A
  • Biceps femoris
  • Long head
  • Short head
95
Q

Knee blood supply

A
  • Genicular anastomoses

- Intracapsular structures supplied by genicular anastomoses and middle genicular artery

96
Q

Knee nerve supply: articular branches from

A
  • Femoral nerve (posterior division)
  • Muscular branches and saphenous nerve
  • Tibial
  • Common fibular
  • Obturator (posterior division)
97
Q

Knee bursae function

A
  • Prevent friction between structures during movement
98
Q

Anterior knee bursae (names)

A
  • Prepatellar bursa
  • Superficial infrapatellar bursa
  • Deep infrapatellar bursa
  • Suprapatellar bursa
99
Q

Prepatellar bursa

A
  • Located in the superficial fascia between patella and skin

- Bursitis: housemaid’s knee

100
Q

Superficial infrapatellar bursa

A
  • Between tibial tuberosity and skin

- Bursitis: Clergymans knee

101
Q

Deep infrapatellar bursa

A
  • Between tibial tuberosity and patellar ligament

- Bursitis: Clergymans knee

102
Q

Suprapatellar bursa

A
  • Superior extension of synovial membrane of the knee joint
  • Between femur and quadriceps tendon
  • Communicates with knee joint
103
Q

Medial knee bursa

A
  • Anserine bursa
104
Q

Anserine bursa

A
  • Between pes anserinus and MCL

- Extends between tendons of the pes anserinus

105
Q

Lateral knee bursae

A
  • Between LCL and biceps femoris

- Between LCL and popliteus tendon

106
Q

Posterior knee bursae

A
  • Popliteal bursa
  • Medial gastrocnemius bursa
  • Lateral gastrocnemius bursa
  • Semimembranosus bursa
107
Q

Popliteal bursa

A
  • Between popliteal tendon and lateral condyle of tibia

- Communicates with knee joint joint

108
Q

Medial gastrocnemius bursa

A
  • Between medial head of gastrocnemius and joint capsule

- Can communicate with joint cavity

109
Q

Lateral gastrocnemius bursa

A
  • Between the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and joint capsule
  • Can communicate with joint cavity
110
Q

Semimembranosus bursa

A
  • Between semimembranosus tendon and medial head of gastrocnemius and medial femoral condyle
  • Can communicate with joint cavity and medial gastrocnemius bursa
111
Q

Medial meniscus (clinical)

A
  • Commonly injured with MCL

- More commonly injured than LCL

112
Q

Unhappy triad (O’Donoghue triad) is disruption in the

A
  • MCL
  • Medial meniscus
  • ACL
113
Q

Unhappy triad (O’Donoghue triad) is often caused by

A
  • Valgus stress induced by a lateral blow to the knee
114
Q

ACL tear

A
  • Anterior drawer test is (+)

- (+) Lachmans test

115
Q

PCL tear

A
  • Posterior drawer test is (+)

Lower Extremity Anatomy (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions