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Lower Extremity Anatomy > General Embryology 2 > Flashcards

General Embryology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Subdivision of mesoderm

A
  • Intraembryonic mesoderm proliferates between the ectoderm and endoderm
  • 3 regions develop
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2
Q

3 regions of mesoderm subdivision

A
  • Paraaxial mesoderm
  • Intermediate mesoderm
  • Lateral mesoderm
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3
Q

Paraaxial mesoderm

A
  • Head mesenchyme

- Somites

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4
Q

Intermediate mesoderm

A
  • Urogenital organs
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5
Q

Lateral Mesoderm

A
  • Split by the formation of the intraembryonic coelom
  • Somatic mesoderm (somatopleure)
  • Splanchnic mesoderm (splanchnopleure)
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6
Q

Somites

A
  • Block-like condensations of paraxial mesoderm

- Form on the sides of the neural tube

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7
Q

Somatogenesis

A
  • Somite pairs begin formation on day 20
  • Progresses in a cranial to caudal pattern
  • 42-44 pairs form, most caudal disappear leaving 37 pairs
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8
Q

First 4 pairs of somites

A
  • Contribute to head
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9
Q

8 pairs of somites

A
  • Contribute to the cervical region
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10
Q

12 pairs of somites

A
  • Contribute to the thoracic region
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11
Q

5 pairs of somites (two sets of 5)

A
  • Contribute to the lumbar region

- Contribute to the sacral region

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12
Q

3 pairs of somites

A
  • Contribute to coccyx
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13
Q

Somites subdivide into

A
  • Sclerotome

- Dermamyotome

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14
Q

Sclerotome forms

A
  • Meninges
  • Vertebrae
  • Ribs
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15
Q

Dermamyotome forms

A
  • Dermis of the neck and back

- Muscle

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16
Q

Dermamyotome differentiates into

A
  • Dermatome

- Myotome

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17
Q

Myotome splits into

A
  • Epimere, located dorsally

- Hypomere, located ventrally

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18
Q

Epimere gives rise to

A
  • Epaxial muslces of the back

- Deep back muscles

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19
Q

Hypomere gives rise to

A
  • Hypaxial muscles
  • Muscles of the abdominal and thoracic wall
  • Limb muscles
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20
Q

Lateral plate divides into

A
  • Somatic mesoderm

- Splanchnic mesoderm

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21
Q

Somatic mesoderm

A
  • Lines body wall
22
Q

Somatopleure

A
  • Somatic mesoderm + ectoderm

- Forms body wall with ectoderm

23
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm

A
  • Covers endoderm
24
Q

Splanchnopleure

A
  • Splanchnic mesoderm + endoderm

- Forms gut wall with endoderm

25
Q

Coelom

A
  • Body cavity formed by lateral folding of the embryo
26
Q

Folding of the embryo

A
  • Lateral folds fuse at the ventral midline

- Forms intraembryonic coelom

27
Q

Intraembryonic coelom eventually divides into 3 principal body cavities:

A
  • Pericardial
  • Pleural
  • Peritoneal cavities
28
Q

Craniocaudal and lateral folding

A
  • Draw in the yolk sac (purse string)
  • Close off body wall (except at umbilicus)
  • Flat trilaminar embryonic disc -> cylindrical embryo
29
Q

Ectopia cordis

A
  • Failure of the thoracic body wall to close
30
Q

Gastroschisis

A
  • Failure of the abdominal body wall to close
31
Q

Early development of the cardiovascular system

A
  • Vasculogenesis begins during 3rd week

- Hemangioblast cells develop in the extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm of the yolk sac

32
Q

Hemabgioblast development gives rise to

A
  • Hematopoietic cell progenitors
  • Endothelial precursor cells
  • Endothelial cells surround blood cell aggregates (blood islands)
33
Q

Yolk sac involved in erythropoiesis until

A
  • About day 60
34
Q

Vasculogenesis

A
  • Differentiating endothelial cells organize into small capillary vessels
  • Fuse to form channels
35
Q

Vasculogenesis events

A
  • Vascularizes the yolk sac, connecting stalk, and chorionic villi
  • Vessels from extraembryonic mesoderm -> placenta -> join embryo blood vessels (from intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm) -> establish circulation
36
Q

Intraembryonic vessels begin to develop on

A
  • Day 18
37
Q

Hematogenesis does not begin within the embryo until about

A
  • 4th week
38
Q

2 major phases of hematopoiesis

A
  • Embryonic (weeks 1-4)

- Definitive (weeks 4-term)

39
Q

Embryonic phase of hematopoiesis

A
  • Blood cells arise from yolk sac extraembryonic mesoderm
40
Q

Definitive phase of hematopoiesis

A
  • Hematopoietic stem cells (from extraembryonic/intraembryonic mesoderm) -> seed the spleen, liver, and then bone marrow
41
Q

Liver is major site of

A
  • Fetal hematopoiesis until bone marrow takes over
42
Q

Vasculogenesis definition

A
  • Blood vessels arise de novo from “hemangioblasts” that develop into blood cells and vascular tubes
43
Q

Angiogenesis

A
  • Growth of new blood vessels from existing ones
44
Q

Segmentation of endoderm

A
  • Foregut
  • Midgut
  • Hindgut
45
Q

Foregut

A
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
46
Q

Midgut

A
  • Small intestine
  • Ascending colon
  • Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
47
Q

Hindgut

A
  • Distal 1/3 of transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Rectum
  • Upper anal canal
48
Q

Weeks 4-8

A
  • Organogenetic period: all main organ systems have begun to develop
  • Critical period of many organ systems
49
Q

Teratogen exposure

A
  • Can cause major congenital birth defects during organogenetic period (weeks 4-3)
50
Q

Teratogens

A
  • Agents that can disturb the development of an embryo (or fetus)
  • Radiation, drugs, infections, chemicals

Lower Extremity Anatomy (35 decks)

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