Physiology Fundamentals Flashcards
Transport occurs across the
Phospholipid bilayer
Channel proteins can be both
Non-specific and specific
Active transport types
Co-transport by symporters 
Exchange via antiporters
Sodium and potassium ATP pump
How does co transport via symporters work
Sodium moves down the concentration gradient so glucose can go against concentration gradient
How does exchange by Antiporters works
Transport molecules in opposite direction using one gradient
Coupling of transport processes triggers
Osmosis
Ion imbalances causes
Nervous tics, bone deformities, oedema, cardiac arrhythmia
Which cells in the stomach secrete acid
Parietal cells secrete Hydrogen and chlorine
What is potential
The ability to do work
What is voltage
Measure of charge separation
Vm (membrane potential =
RMP (resting membrane potential
What is membrane potential
Balance between positive and negative charges across a membrane, big changes a member of potential is due to a few ion movements
An electrochemical gradient has a
Membrane potential
A lumen of the gland is inhibited by
Omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor) which is inhibited by Oxonol dyes
What helps regulate osmotic pressure
Chlorine as it can cause cell lysis
Chloride is the second highest
Component of blood and it is mostly extracellular
PH can change the charge of
The proton
Antiporter
2 gradients going different ways
H20 + CO2 ->
H2co3
You can change voltage by changing
Ion concentrations
In an electrochemical gradient the positive want to go to the
Negative side so increases the electrical force
In an electrochemical gradient the negative ions want to stay on 
The positive side so there is a decrease in electrical forced to move
What work together to move ions
Facilitated diffusion an electrochemical gradient
Homoeostasis negative feedback systems
Body temperature and blood glucose
If there is a decrease in blood glucose what happens
Pancreatic alpha cells detect this and secrete glucagon this promotes glucose production and releases it so blood glucose increases
If there is an increase in blood glucose then
Pancreatic b cells detect this And secrete insulin. This promotes glucose uptake in response of cells and decreases blood glucose
If the body temperature is too low
Then the hypothalamus detect low core temperature And causes vasoconstriction, piloerection and shivering
If the body temperature is too high then
The hypothalamus detect high core temperature and causes vasodilation, sweating and thirst
Positive feedback system in birth
Increased uterine excitability causes uterine contraction, The fetus presses on cervix, oxytocin is secreted which causes more contractions and eventually the baby is born
Failure of homoeostasis
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells leads to insufficient insulin, which causes hypoglycaemia and failure of glucose reabsorption by the kidneys, which means glucose has passed in the urine and urine volume increases causing weight loss, hunger and thirst
Most of our body fluid is
Intracellular
66.7%
How much of a body fluid is extracellular
33.3%
How much of our body fluid is plasma
6.7%
How much of a body fluid is interstitial
24.7%
How much of a body fluid is transcellular
1.9%
What is our total body fluid
42 litres
What are the main solutes in the body
Sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride
Amount of Ions in blood from highest to lowest
Sodium Chloride Bicarbonate Amino acids Potassium Calcium
Cations
Positively charged
Anions
Negatively charged
Hypotonic
Cell swells as water moves in
Hypertonic
Cell shrinks, water moves out
Isotonic
No difference in cell (solutes and water move in and out at constant rate)
Simple diffusion
Goes with gradient, no energy is required and is a passive process, No membrane protein is required
Facilitated diffusion
Goes with gradient, no energy required however a membrane protein is required which is specific
Active transport
Goes against gradient, energy is required and so is a membrane protein which are specific
Intra and extra cellular PH are tightly regulated with extra at
7.4 ph
What enzyme catalyses the reaction that makes carbonic acid (h2co3)
Carbonic anhydrase
What forms the majority of cations inside the cell
Potassium
What forms and majority of cat is outside the cell
Sodium
Chemical force is based upon the difference in
Concentration across the membrane
Excitable cells can produce or respond to
Electrical signals and can propagate action potentials
Examples of excitable cells
Neurons, skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac myocytes
Examples of non-excitable cells
Everything else except the excitable cells
