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FHD1 > Physiology Fundamentals > Flashcards

Physiology Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Transport occurs across the

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

Channel proteins can be both

A

Non-specific and specific

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3
Q

Active transport types

A

Co-transport by symporters 
Exchange via antiporters
Sodium and potassium ATP pump

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4
Q

How does co transport via symporters work

A

Sodium moves down the concentration gradient so glucose can go against concentration gradient

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5
Q

How does exchange by Antiporters works

A

Transport molecules in opposite direction using one gradient

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6
Q

Coupling of transport processes triggers

A

Osmosis

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7
Q

Ion imbalances causes

A

Nervous tics, bone deformities, oedema, cardiac arrhythmia

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8
Q

Which cells in the stomach secrete acid

A

Parietal cells secrete Hydrogen and chlorine

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9
Q

What is potential

A

The ability to do work

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10
Q

What is voltage

A

Measure of charge separation

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11
Q

Vm (membrane potential =

A

RMP (resting membrane potential

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12
Q

What is membrane potential

A

Balance between positive and negative charges across a membrane, big changes a member of potential is due to a few ion movements

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13
Q

An electrochemical gradient has a

A

Membrane potential

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14
Q

A lumen of the gland is inhibited by

A

Omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor) which is inhibited by Oxonol dyes

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15
Q

What helps regulate osmotic pressure

A

Chlorine as it can cause cell lysis

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16
Q

Chloride is the second highest

A

Component of blood and it is mostly extracellular

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17
Q

PH can change the charge of

A

The proton

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18
Q

Antiporter

A

2 gradients going different ways

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19
Q

H20 + CO2 ->

A

H2co3

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20
Q

You can change voltage by changing

A

Ion concentrations

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21
Q

In an electrochemical gradient the positive want to go to the

A

Negative side so increases the electrical force

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22
Q

In an electrochemical gradient the negative ions want to stay on 

A

The positive side so there is a decrease in electrical forced to move

23
Q

What work together to move ions

A

Facilitated diffusion an electrochemical gradient

24
Q

Homoeostasis negative feedback systems

A

Body temperature and blood glucose

25
Q

If there is a decrease in blood glucose what happens

A

Pancreatic alpha cells detect this and secrete glucagon this promotes glucose production and releases it so blood glucose increases

26
Q

If there is an increase in blood glucose then

A

Pancreatic b cells detect this And secrete insulin. This promotes glucose uptake in response of cells and decreases blood glucose

27
Q

If the body temperature is too low

A

Then the hypothalamus detect low core temperature And causes vasoconstriction, piloerection and shivering

28
Q

If the body temperature is too high then

A

The hypothalamus detect high core temperature and causes vasodilation, sweating and thirst

29
Q

Positive feedback system in birth

A

Increased uterine excitability causes uterine contraction, The fetus presses on cervix, oxytocin is secreted which causes more contractions and eventually the baby is born

30
Q

Failure of homoeostasis

A

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells leads to insufficient insulin, which causes hypoglycaemia and failure of glucose reabsorption by the kidneys, which means glucose has passed in the urine and urine volume increases causing weight loss, hunger and thirst

31
Q

Most of our body fluid is

A

Intracellular

66.7%

32
Q

How much of a body fluid is extracellular

A

33.3%

33
Q

How much of our body fluid is plasma

A

6.7%

34
Q

How much of a body fluid is interstitial

A

24.7%

35
Q

How much of a body fluid is transcellular

A

1.9%

36
Q

What is our total body fluid

A

42 litres

37
Q

What are the main solutes in the body

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride

38
Q

Amount of Ions in blood from highest to lowest

A 
Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate 
Amino acids
Potassium
Calcium
39
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged

40
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged

41
Q

Hypotonic

A

Cell swells as water moves in

42
Q

Hypertonic

A

Cell shrinks, water moves out

43
Q

Isotonic

A

No difference in cell (solutes and water move in and out at constant rate)

44
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Goes with gradient, no energy is required and is a passive process, No membrane protein is required

45
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Goes with gradient, no energy required however a membrane protein is required which is specific

46
Q

Active transport

A

Goes against gradient, energy is required and so is a membrane protein which are specific

47
Q

Intra and extra cellular PH are tightly regulated with extra at

A

7.4 ph

48
Q

What enzyme catalyses the reaction that makes carbonic acid (h2co3)

A

Carbonic anhydrase

49
Q

What forms the majority of cations inside the cell

A

Potassium

50
Q

What forms and majority of cat is outside the cell

A

Sodium

51
Q

Chemical force is based upon the difference in

A

Concentration across the membrane

52
Q

Excitable cells can produce or respond to

A

Electrical signals and can propagate action potentials

53
Q

Examples of excitable cells

A

Neurons, skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac myocytes

54
Q

Examples of non-excitable cells

A

Everything else except the excitable cells

FHD1 (46 decks)

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