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FHD1 > Antimocrobial Therapy > Flashcards

Antimocrobial Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Ideal characteristics for antibiotics

A

Selective toxicity, slow emergence of resistance

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2
Q

How do you select antibiotics

A

By working out the likely pathogen is and susceptibility to specific agents, antimicrobial resistance patterns, PharmaKinetics and patient factors

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3
Q

What is bad about broad-spectrum antibiotics

A

They have a higher risk of resistance and side-effects

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4
Q

What is empirical treatment

A

Start antibiotic therapy before knowing the causative microorganism

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5
Q

What is bacteriostatic

A

It is where the antibiotic stops growth of bacteria and the immune system takes over

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6
Q

What is bactericidal

A

Where the antibiotic kills the bacteria completely

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7
Q

How do you beta-lactams work

A

They inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting enzymes which bind the cell wall- peptidoglycan synthesis is inhibited by beta-lactamase

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8
Q

How do you overcome beta-lactamase

A

You overcome this resistance by using a beta-lactamase inhibitor which is irreversible

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9
Q

What is good about chemically modified penicillin

A

It has a long half life and can be taken orally and is a broad spectrum antibiotic eg amoxicillin

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10
Q

What is a risk with beta-lactamase

A

Allergies to penicillin

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11
Q

Amoxicillin is

A

A broad spectrum antibiotic

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12
Q

Why do you have to be careful of amoxicillin

A

Allergies and one of the side-effects is gastro intestinal disturbances

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13
Q

What are some examples of beta-lactams

A

Cephalosporins (broad spectrum)

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14
Q

What do glycopeptides do

A

Inhibit cell wall, only active in gram positive bacteria and the antibiotic can only be taken by IV not orally

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15
Q

Vancomycin Is only used

A

Through IV and on gram-positive bacteria, it can be ototoxic

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16
Q

What type of ribosomes do we have

A

80 S ribosomes which has two subunits 60 S and 40 S

17
Q

What type of ribosomes do bacteria have

A

70 S ribosomes with a 50 S and 30 S subunit

18
Q

How do macrolides work

A

They inhibit protein synthesis, they can be bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal and a broad spectrum

19
Q

Clarithromycin

A

Is a broad spectrum antibiotic, it affects bacteria without and with a cell wall as it works by inhibiting protein synthesis

20
Q

Side effects of clarithromycin

A

Nausea, arrhythmias

21
Q

Aminoglycosides are

A

Bacteriocidal, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity 

22
Q

Tetracyclines are

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics that are bacteriostatic

23
Q

Tetracyclines side effects

A

Phototoxicity – chelation of metal ions can cause deposition in teeth and bone growth inhibition

24
Q

What are some examples of inhibitors of DNA replication in antibiotics

A

Quinolones- inhibit enzymes which leads to rapid bacterial cell death
Metronidazole- which is a pro drug that is bacteriocidal and potentially mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic
Rifampicin- Bacteriocidal, inhibits mRNA synthesis and has a strong induction of CP450

25
Q

How do antimetabolites work

A

They look like bacteria metabolite and have a synergistic association and are bacteriocidal

26
Q

What is synergistic Association

A

Where the outcome is greater than adding the two components together
1+1=4

27
Q

Antibiotic resistance due to

A

Hospital acquired infections, MRSA, too long use or miss use of antibiotics

28
Q

Resistant mechanisms are either

A

Inherent so natural or acquired by mutations/ gene transfer

29
Q

Antibiotics don’t cause

A

Resistance but they affect the rate of spread

30
Q

Ways a bacteria becomes resistant

A

It in activates the antibiotic, alters microbial enzymes, alters target, reduces uptake of antibiotic, develops alternative pathways

31
Q

How do you stop the spread of resistance to antibiotics

A

Good medical prescribing

FHD1 (46 decks)

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