Immunity & Antibodies Introduction

Question 1

What is immunity

Answer 1

Immunity is an organism is the ability to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign bodies and proteins and catastrophic cell dysfunction e.g. cancer

Question 2

What is immuno deficiency

Answer 2

Immunity fails can be genetically inherited or acquired during life e.g. AIDS

Question 3

What is allergy and hyper sensitivity

Answer 3

Immune responds inappropriately to antigens

Question 4

What is immune tolerance

Answer 4

State of immunological nonreactivity to an antigen – remain quiet until needed

Question 5

What is an autoimmune disease

Answer 5

An immune response to self tissue, a breakdown of tolerance

Question 6

Are all antigens harmful to us

Answer 6

No many antigens are not harmful e.g. our own cells and tissues, food, commensal organisms (skin and gut flora)

Question 7

What is innate immunity

Answer 7

System that is genetically coated in genome– responds rapidly but lack ability to adapt

Question 8

What is adaptive immunity

Answer 8

It takes time to develop but can recognise a vast variety of antigens – it has a memory function if a pathogen enters again it is quicker to deal with it

Question 9

Part of lymphoid tissue

Answer 9

Lymph-node‘s, red bone marrow, spleen, thymus, leukocyte (WBC’s), hematopietic stem cell

Question 10

What does the red bone marrow produce

Answer 10

All blood cells – B and T lymphocytes

Question 11

The spleen is an emergency store of what

Answer 11

Emergency blood store, blood is cleansed of pathogens and debris

Question 12

What does the thymus have in it

Answer 12

T lymphocytes

Question 13

Hematopietic stem cell is

Answer 13

Self renewing and they differentiate into all immune cells – they can turn into lymphoid progenitor which goes to dendritic cells and B&T cells Or or turn into myeloid progenitor which turned into erythrocytes e.g. neutrophils and macrophages

Question 14

Where do B&T cells circulate in

Answer 14

The blood and lymphatic system- they move between the structures through high endothelial venules HEV

Question 15

B cells can access

Answer 15

All areas of the body and so can their antibodies

Question 16

Lymphocyte recirculation allows

Answer 16

Lots of lymphocytes to interact with antigens

Question 17

How often does 1 lymphocyte travel around the system

Answer 17

1 to 2 times a day

Question 18

What proportion of lymphocytes will bind to one particular antigen

Answer 18

One in 100,000

Question 19

Leucocytes communicate using

Answer 19

Cytokines and chemokines- They bind to specific receptors on the surface of the cell which triggers signal transduction and change in gene expression which causes a change in cell function

Question 20

What type of signalling does leucocyte communicate do

Answer 20

Autocrine, paracrine, juxtacrine and rarely endocrine

Question 21

Antibodies are

Answer 21

Glycoproteins and each antibody has a specific antigen

Question 22

What is the epitope

Answer 22

The part of an antigen which the antibody binds to

Question 23

In naive B-cell the antibody has a

Answer 23

B-cell receptor, once it is activated by antigen cross-linking and cytokine mediated simulation by T cells cells

Question 24

The structure of antigen binding site remains

Answer 24

Identical throughout

Question 25

In clonal expansion each B&T cell expresses

Answer 25

Its own antigen receptor

Question 26

How does clonal expansion work

Answer 26

The binding of antigen triggers clonal expansion – it’s stimulated by growth factors e.g. interleukin-2, finding events can cause inability to subsequently be activated or cell death by apoptosis

Question 27

CD4+ expresses

Answer 27

CD4 and is likely to be a T-helper cell

Question 28

CD8+ expressed

Answer 28

CD8 and is likely to be a cytotoxic cell

Question 29

Immunoglobulin isotopes depend on

Answer 29

Stalk structure which causes a different immunoglobin isotope which causes a different function

Question 30

What time in affect on antibody function

Answer 30

Affinity and avidity

Question 31

What is avidity

Answer 31

The cell has 2+ antibody binding arms which help keep antibody bound and in place

Question 32

An increase in antibody arms increases

Answer 32

The ability to stick to arms and stay stuck

Question 33

Types of leucocytes

Answer 33

Macrophage, neutrophil, basophil, dendritic cell, B-cell, T-cell, eosinophil

Question 34

Macrophage function

Answer 34

Phagocytic, highly migratory , professional antigen presentation 

Question 35

Neutrophil function

Answer 35

Highly abundant and migratory, coordinate inflammatory response

Question 36

Eosinophil function

Answer 36

Involved in host defence against nematodes and other parasites

Question 37

Basophils function

Answer 37

Involved in hosts defences against multicellular parasites

Question 38

Dendritic cells function

Answer 38

The most adept of the family of antigen-presenting cells

Question 39

B-cell function

Answer 39

Adaptive, produce antibodies that bind to antigens on pathogens, exhibit immunological memory

Question 40

T cell function

Answer 40

Adaptive, involved in killing virus infected cell, involved in coordinating immune responses – orchestrators of activation/termination

Question 41

Stages of the inflammatory response

Answer 41

Tissue damage causes release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors that trigger a local increase in bloodflow and capillary permeability
Permeable capillaries allow an influx of fluid and cells
Phagocytes migrate to site of inflammation (chemotaxis)
phagocytes and anti bacterial exudate destroy bacteria

Question 42

Part of an antibody

Answer 42

Heavy-chain and light chain with disulphide bonds between them, antigen binding site