Learning And Memory

Question 1

Associative learning

Answer 1

Learning implicitly, without awareness. Changed behaviour as a result of experience

Question 2

Classical conditions occurs as a result

Answer 2

Of stimulation of cortical centres

Question 3

Ivan Pavlov experiment

Answer 3

Dog and food - bell activates auditory centre and salivation occurs after learning

Question 4

Classical conditioning only involves

Answer 4

Reflex responses (salivation, muscles, perspiration, affect- emotion)

Question 5

Aristotle law of contiguity

Answer 5

Appearance of 1 thing will bring out the other response

Question 6

US

Answer 6

Unconditional stimulus- something initiates reflexive response

Question 7

UR

Answer 7

Unconditional response- reflex is unpaired

Question 8

CS

Answer 8

Conditioned stimulus

Question 9

CR

Answer 9

Conditioned response

Question 10

Operant conditioning aka

Answer 10

Reinforcement and punishment

Question 11

Rats in Skinner box experiment

Answer 11

Rats press lever for food, removed food and rats kept on pressing the lever

Question 12

Primary reinforcer

Answer 12

Required for survival (food, water, sex)

Question 13

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 13

Money, praise, attention

Question 14

Positive reinforcement

Answer 14

Something is added

Question 15

Negative reinforcement

Answer 15

Something is taken away

Question 16

Influences on intimation

Answer 16

Status, trustworthy, power and similarity

Question 17

Modelling experiment

Answer 17

Kids that see aggression or helping are more likely to repeat that behaviour

Question 18

Chain of storing memories

Answer 18

Sensory input –> Sensory register -> STM -> LTM

Forgetting can occur at the last 3 stages

Question 19

What does STM stand for

Answer 19

Short-term memory

Question 20

What does LTM stand for

Answer 20

Long-term memory

Question 21

How do we remember things

Answer 21

By rehearsal and processing

Question 22

How does the short-term memory work, a.k.a. working memory

Answer 22

Neural nodes active and process things, limited capacity of 7 +/- 2 items, attention is crucial

Question 23

How does a long-term memory work

Answer 23

It depends on the formation of associations between nodes when they have been activated in working memory

Question 24

The long-term memory can be split into two types

Answer 24

Declarative memory – facts

Non-declarative memory – procedures e.g. playing the piano

Question 25

Three stages to memory

Answer 25

Encoding which involves rehearsal and level of processing, storage and retrieval

Question 26

What happens in storage

Answer 26

Memory traces decay overtime

Question 27

What is the primary recency effect

Answer 27

If you are given a list numbers you can recall the beginning and the end of the list due to a lack of competition with the first words and the last word is not being replaced do again a lack of competition

Question 28

What is interference and how does it affect LTM

Answer 28

Interference causes confusion with other memories, so memories aren’t as accurate

Question 29

What is cue overload

Answer 29

Where a number of different memories are associated with the retrieval cue

Question 30

Recollection is based on

Answer 30

Schemas – clusters of concept, So memories are not exact recordings

Question 31

If you’re in a relaxed state so low arousal how does this affect your memories

Answer 31

Do you remember them in less detail but with a more broad range

Question 32

If you’re in high arousal Then you remember memories in

Answer 32

More detail but a narrower range

Question 33

What are flashbulb memories

Answer 33

Often traumatic events which are very surprising and impactful- Because it’s a very vivid memory with a narrow focus on specific details, they are often embellished upon afterwards so not too accurate

Question 34

How can you improve patient communication by looking at memory

Answer 34

Avoid distractions when talking to them and asked patient to say what you said in their own words, also provide info in different formats e.g. print audio, video