Learning And Memory Flashcards
Associative learning
Learning implicitly, without awareness. Changed behaviour as a result of experience
Classical conditions occurs as a result
Of stimulation of cortical centres
Ivan Pavlov experiment
Dog and food - bell activates auditory centre and salivation occurs after learning
Classical conditioning only involves
Reflex responses (salivation, muscles, perspiration, affect- emotion)
Aristotle law of contiguity
Appearance of 1 thing will bring out the other response
US
Unconditional stimulus- something initiates reflexive response
UR
Unconditional response- reflex is unpaired
CS
Conditioned stimulus
CR
Conditioned response
Operant conditioning aka
Reinforcement and punishment
Rats in Skinner box experiment
Rats press lever for food, removed food and rats kept on pressing the lever
Primary reinforcer
Required for survival (food, water, sex)
Secondary reinforcer
Money, praise, attention
Positive reinforcement
Something is added
Negative reinforcement
Something is taken away
Influences on intimation
Status, trustworthy, power and similarity
Modelling experiment
Kids that see aggression or helping are more likely to repeat that behaviour
Chain of storing memories
Sensory input –> Sensory register -> STM -> LTM
Forgetting can occur at the last 3 stages
What does STM stand for
Short-term memory
What does LTM stand for
Long-term memory
How do we remember things
By rehearsal and processing
How does the short-term memory work, a.k.a. working memory
Neural nodes active and process things, limited capacity of 7 +/- 2 items, attention is crucial
How does a long-term memory work
It depends on the formation of associations between nodes when they have been activated in working memory
The long-term memory can be split into two types
Declarative memory – facts
Non-declarative memory – procedures e.g. playing the piano
Three stages to memory
Encoding which involves rehearsal and level of processing, storage and retrieval
What happens in storage
Memory traces decay overtime
What is the primary recency effect
If you are given a list numbers you can recall the beginning and the end of the list due to a lack of competition with the first words and the last word is not being replaced do again a lack of competition
What is interference and how does it affect LTM
Interference causes confusion with other memories, so memories aren’t as accurate
What is cue overload
Where a number of different memories are associated with the retrieval cue
Recollection is based on
Schemas – clusters of concept, So memories are not exact recordings
If you’re in a relaxed state so low arousal how does this affect your memories
Do you remember them in less detail but with a more broad range
If you’re in high arousal Then you remember memories in
More detail but a narrower range
What are flashbulb memories
Often traumatic events which are very surprising and impactful- Because it’s a very vivid memory with a narrow focus on specific details, they are often embellished upon afterwards so not too accurate
How can you improve patient communication by looking at memory
Avoid distractions when talking to them and asked patient to say what you said in their own words, also provide info in different formats e.g. print audio, video
