Human Genome

Question 1

Central dogma

Answer 1

DNA -> RNA in nucleus -> RNA in cytoplasm -> protein

Question 2

What does a chromosome have

Answer 2

It has a centromere and telomere

Question 3

Which genome the mitochondrial Genome or the nuclear genome has more base pairs

Answer 3

Nuclear genome

Question 4

What causes genetic variation

Answer 4

Change in 1 base pair

Question 5

How does a phenotype get to being expressed

Answer 5

Genotype -> Development -> Phenotype
!
Environment

Question 6

What does a DNA polymer have

Answer 6

A nucleotide phosphate and deoxyribose sugar

Question 7

DNA Base pairs

Answer 7

GCAT

Question 8

Which direction is DNA replicated

Answer 8

5’ to 3’ strand

Question 9

C and G are joined by

Answer 9

3 carbon bonds

Question 10

A and T are joined by

Answer 10

2 carbon bonds

Question 11

What are DNA strands joined by

Answer 11

Hydrogen bonds

Question 12

What does DNA form

Answer 12

A double helix and a sugar phosphate backbone

Question 13

How is DNA packaged

Answer 13

The chromatin compact by interacting with the nucleosome which is then further coiled into a chromosome

Question 14

How many base pairs does the chromatin and nucleosome wraps around whilst compacting

Answer 14

146

Question 15

How is DNA replicated

Answer 15

DNA helicase causes double-stranded DNA to unwind then RNA binds to unwound DNA – DNA polymerase requires RNA as a primer

Question 16

DNA polymerase only acts in what direction

Answer 16

From the 5’ to 3’ direction so causes lagging strand to do discontinuous replication

Question 17

Stages of mitosis

Answer 17

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

IPMAT

Question 18

What happens in metaphase

Answer 18

Centromere go to each side, microtubules attach to 1/2 of chromosome and the chromosomes line up in the middle

Question 19

What happens in anaphase

Answer 19

Chromosomes are pulled apart by microtubules

Question 20

What happens in telophase

Answer 20

New nuclear membrane is regenerated

Question 21

Stages of cell cycle

Answer 21

G1 resting stage-Here non-dividing cells arrest at this stage G0
S Stage- DNA synthesis
G2 resting stage
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

Question 22

Cell cycle checkpoints

Answer 22

G1- check DNA isn’t damaged
S & G2- DNA damages or incompletely replicated
M- chromosome not attached to mitotic spindle

Question 23

Cell cycle checkpoints controlled by

Answer 23

Cyclins and protein kinsases

Question 24

Chemotherapy targets which stages of the cell cycle

Answer 24

S and M