Physical properties of Urine Flashcards
What are the physical properties of urine?
Volume Color Transparency Odor Specific Gravity
What are the chemical properties of urine?
pH Protein Glucose Ketones Bilirubin Blood Leukocytes
What does the volume of urine mean?
The amount of urine that an animal is producing in a 24 hour period
What is the normal urine output for a dog and cat?
20-40ml/kg/day
What is the normal urine output for cattle
17-45ml/kg/day
What is the normal urine output for horses
3-18ml/kg/day
What is the normal urine output for sheep/goats
10-40ml/kg/day
What are the characteristics of increased urine output?
Polyuria/polydipsia
Dilute
Pale urine
Low SG
What are the characteristics of decreased urine output?
Oliguria (decreased amount of urine)
Concentrated
High SG
Anuria (no urine)
If oliguria is occurring, what is the USG?
High SG
Very concentrated
What occurs with restricted water access, Environmental temperature increases, acute nephritis, fever, shock, heart disease, dehydration
Oliguria
What occurs with urethral obstruction, urinary bladder rupture, and renal shutdown?
Anuria
What is determined by the concentration of urochromes?
Color of urine
What is normal urine color?
light yellow to amber
What does pale yellow urine indicate?
Low SG
Low concentration
What does very yellow urine indicate?
Increased SG
Increased concentration
What does brown/green urine indicate?
bile pigment
presence of foam
What does brown urine indicate?
Myoglobin
What does orange urine indicate?
drugs
tetracyclines
What does red urine indicate?
Hematuria
What species often has clear urine
Omnivores and Carnivores
What species normally have cloudy urine
Herbivores
Especially rabbits
What are the four categories of clarity or transparency
Clear
Slightly cloudy
Cloudy
Turbid (flocculent)
Urinoid
Normal urine smell
In what conditions does an ammonia odor occur?
Cystitis
If the sample left standing too long
In what condition does a sweet or fruity odor occur?
Ketones
What is specific gravity?
Weight of a liquid when compared with that of an equal amount of distilled water
What is the specific gravity of distilled water?
1.000
What determines the specific gravity of urine?
The number and the molecular weight of dissolved solutes
What is the normal specific gravity of dogs?
1.025 (1.001-1.060)`
What is the normal specific gravity of cats?
1.030 (1.001-1.080)
What is the normal specific gravity of horses?
1.035 (1.020-1.050)
What is the normal specific gravity of Cattle
1.015 (1.005-1.040)
What is the normal specific gravity of sheep
1.030 (1.020-1.040)
What measurement is needed when interpreting all other aspects of a urinalysis?
Specific gravity
What causes an increased urine SG
Decreased water intake with normal urine function
Fluid loss through sweating, panting, diarrhea
Increased excretion of urine solutes
Acute renal failure, dehydration, and shock
What causes a decreased urine SG?
Kidneys cannot reabsorb water (can't concentrate) Pyometra Diabetes insipidus Psychogenic polydipsia Liver, renal diseases Diuretics
What is urine threshold?
The limit of which a substance can be reabsorbed
What is it called when the specific gravity of urine approaches that of glomerular filtrate?
Isosthenuria
What is the SG of glomerular filtrate?
1.008 or 1.012 same as plasma
What does it mean when an animal is isosthenuric?
The urine is not concentrated or diluted by the kidneys
Chronic renal disease
The closer to the isosthenuria the more kidney function is lost
What are the three reasons we run specific gravity?
Hydration status
Renal function
Impacts the interpretation of all other aspects of the urinalysis
What range would you expect an otherwise healthy animal’s specific gravity to be if they were without water for 24 hours?
Higher than 10.50
