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Clinical Laboratory Techniques > Physical properties of Urine > Flashcards

Physical properties of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physical properties of urine?

A 
Volume
Color
Transparency
Odor
Specific Gravity
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2
Q

What are the chemical properties of urine?

A 
pH
Protein
Glucose
Ketones
Bilirubin 
Blood
Leukocytes
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3
Q

What does the volume of urine mean?

A

The amount of urine that an animal is producing in a 24 hour period

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4
Q

What is the normal urine output for a dog and cat?

A

20-40ml/kg/day

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5
Q

What is the normal urine output for cattle

A

17-45ml/kg/day

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6
Q

What is the normal urine output for horses

A

3-18ml/kg/day

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7
Q

What is the normal urine output for sheep/goats

A

10-40ml/kg/day

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of increased urine output?

A

Polyuria/polydipsia
Dilute
Pale urine
Low SG

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of decreased urine output?

A

Oliguria (decreased amount of urine)
Concentrated
High SG
Anuria (no urine)

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10
Q

If oliguria is occurring, what is the USG?

A

High SG

Very concentrated

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11
Q

What occurs with restricted water access, Environmental temperature increases, acute nephritis, fever, shock, heart disease, dehydration

A

Oliguria

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12
Q

What occurs with urethral obstruction, urinary bladder rupture, and renal shutdown?

A

Anuria

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13
Q

What is determined by the concentration of urochromes?

A

Color of urine

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14
Q

What is normal urine color?

A

light yellow to amber

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15
Q

What does pale yellow urine indicate?

A

Low SG

Low concentration

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16
Q

What does very yellow urine indicate?

A

Increased SG

Increased concentration

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17
Q

What does brown/green urine indicate?

A

bile pigment

presence of foam

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18
Q

What does brown urine indicate?

A

Myoglobin

19
Q

What does orange urine indicate?

A

drugs

tetracyclines

20
Q

What does red urine indicate?

A

Hematuria

21
Q

What species often has clear urine

A

Omnivores and Carnivores

22
Q

What species normally have cloudy urine

A

Herbivores

Especially rabbits

23
Q

What are the four categories of clarity or transparency

A

Clear
Slightly cloudy
Cloudy
Turbid (flocculent)

24
Q

Urinoid

A

Normal urine smell

25
Q

In what conditions does an ammonia odor occur?

A

Cystitis

If the sample left standing too long

26
Q

In what condition does a sweet or fruity odor occur?

A

Ketones

27
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

Weight of a liquid when compared with that of an equal amount of distilled water

28
Q

What is the specific gravity of distilled water?

A

1.000

29
Q

What determines the specific gravity of urine?

A

The number and the molecular weight of dissolved solutes

30
Q

What is the normal specific gravity of dogs?

A

1.025 (1.001-1.060)`

31
Q

What is the normal specific gravity of cats?

A

1.030 (1.001-1.080)

32
Q

What is the normal specific gravity of horses?

A

1.035 (1.020-1.050)

33
Q

What is the normal specific gravity of Cattle

A

1.015 (1.005-1.040)

34
Q

What is the normal specific gravity of sheep

A

1.030 (1.020-1.040)

35
Q

What measurement is needed when interpreting all other aspects of a urinalysis?

A

Specific gravity

36
Q

What causes an increased urine SG

A

Decreased water intake with normal urine function
Fluid loss through sweating, panting, diarrhea
Increased excretion of urine solutes
Acute renal failure, dehydration, and shock

37
Q

What causes a decreased urine SG?

A 
Kidneys cannot reabsorb water (can't concentrate)
Pyometra
Diabetes insipidus
Psychogenic polydipsia
Liver, renal diseases
Diuretics
38
Q

What is urine threshold?

A

The limit of which a substance can be reabsorbed

39
Q

What is it called when the specific gravity of urine approaches that of glomerular filtrate?

A

Isosthenuria

40
Q

What is the SG of glomerular filtrate?

A

1.008 or 1.012 same as plasma

41
Q

What does it mean when an animal is isosthenuric?

A

The urine is not concentrated or diluted by the kidneys
Chronic renal disease
The closer to the isosthenuria the more kidney function is lost

42
Q

What are the three reasons we run specific gravity?

A

Hydration status
Renal function
Impacts the interpretation of all other aspects of the urinalysis

43
Q

What range would you expect an otherwise healthy animal’s specific gravity to be if they were without water for 24 hours?

A

Higher than 10.50

Clinical Laboratory Techniques (45 decks)

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