Physical properties of Urine

Question 1

What are the physical properties of urine?

Answer 1

Volume
Color
Transparency
Odor
Specific Gravity

Question 2

What are the chemical properties of urine?

Answer 2

pH
Protein
Glucose
Ketones
Bilirubin 
Blood
Leukocytes

Question 3

What does the volume of urine mean?

Answer 3

The amount of urine that an animal is producing in a 24 hour period

Question 4

What is the normal urine output for a dog and cat?

Answer 4

20-40ml/kg/day

Question 5

What is the normal urine output for cattle

Answer 5

17-45ml/kg/day

Question 6

What is the normal urine output for horses

Answer 6

3-18ml/kg/day

Question 7

What is the normal urine output for sheep/goats

Answer 7

10-40ml/kg/day

Question 8

What are the characteristics of increased urine output?

Answer 8

Polyuria/polydipsia
Dilute
Pale urine
Low SG

Question 9

What are the characteristics of decreased urine output?

Answer 9

Oliguria (decreased amount of urine)
Concentrated
High SG
Anuria (no urine)

Question 10

If oliguria is occurring, what is the USG?

Answer 10

High SG

Very concentrated

Question 11

What occurs with restricted water access, Environmental temperature increases, acute nephritis, fever, shock, heart disease, dehydration

Answer 11

Oliguria

Question 12

What occurs with urethral obstruction, urinary bladder rupture, and renal shutdown?

Answer 12

Anuria

Question 13

What is determined by the concentration of urochromes?

Answer 13

Color of urine

Question 14

What is normal urine color?

Answer 14

light yellow to amber

Question 15

What does pale yellow urine indicate?

Answer 15

Low SG

Low concentration

Question 16

What does very yellow urine indicate?

Answer 16

Increased SG

Increased concentration

Question 17

What does brown/green urine indicate?

Answer 17

bile pigment

presence of foam

Question 18

What does brown urine indicate?

Answer 18

Myoglobin

Question 19

What does orange urine indicate?

Answer 19

drugs

tetracyclines

Question 20

What does red urine indicate?

Answer 20

Hematuria

Question 21

What species often has clear urine

Answer 21

Omnivores and Carnivores

Question 22

What species normally have cloudy urine

Answer 22

Herbivores

Especially rabbits

Question 23

What are the four categories of clarity or transparency

Answer 23

Clear
Slightly cloudy
Cloudy
Turbid (flocculent)

Question 24

Urinoid

Answer 24

Normal urine smell

Question 25

In what conditions does an ammonia odor occur?

Answer 25

Cystitis | If the sample left standing too long

Question 26

In what condition does a sweet or fruity odor occur?

Answer 26

Ketones

Question 27

What is specific gravity?

Answer 27

Weight of a liquid when compared with that of an equal amount of distilled water

Question 28

What is the specific gravity of distilled water?

Answer 28

1.000

Question 29

What determines the specific gravity of urine?

Answer 29

The number and the molecular weight of dissolved solutes

Question 30

What is the normal specific gravity of dogs?

Answer 30

1.025 (1.001-1.060)`

Question 31

What is the normal specific gravity of cats?

Answer 31

1.030 (1.001-1.080)

Question 32

What is the normal specific gravity of horses?

Answer 32

1.035 (1.020-1.050)

Question 33

What is the normal specific gravity of Cattle

Answer 33

1.015 (1.005-1.040)

Question 34

What is the normal specific gravity of sheep

Answer 34

1.030 (1.020-1.040)

Question 35

What measurement is needed when interpreting all other aspects of a urinalysis?

Answer 35

Specific gravity

Question 36

What causes an increased urine SG

Answer 36

Decreased water intake with normal urine function Fluid loss through sweating, panting, diarrhea Increased excretion of urine solutes Acute renal failure, dehydration, and shock

Question 37

What causes a decreased urine SG?

Answer 37

``` Kidneys cannot reabsorb water (can't concentrate) Pyometra Diabetes insipidus Psychogenic polydipsia Liver, renal diseases Diuretics ```

Question 38

What is urine threshold?

Answer 38

The limit of which a substance can be reabsorbed

Question 39

What is it called when the specific gravity of urine approaches that of glomerular filtrate?

Answer 39

Isosthenuria

Question 40

What is the SG of glomerular filtrate?

Answer 40

1.008 or 1.012 same as plasma

Question 41

What does it mean when an animal is isosthenuric?

Answer 41

The urine is not concentrated or diluted by the kidneys Chronic renal disease The closer to the isosthenuria the more kidney function is lost

Question 42

What are the three reasons we run specific gravity?

Answer 42

Hydration status Renal function Impacts the interpretation of all other aspects of the urinalysis

Question 43

What range would you expect an otherwise healthy animal's specific gravity to be if they were without water for 24 hours?

Answer 43

Higher than 10.50