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Clinical Laboratory Techniques > Abnormal Red Blood Cells > Flashcards

Abnormal Red Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 things we evaluate RBCs to determine normal from abnormal?

A 
Arrangement
Size
Color
Shape
Inclusions/Parasites
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2
Q

What do normal RBCs look like in a cat?

A

They have more central pallor

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3
Q

Which species have natural elliptical RBCs?

A

Camelids

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4
Q

What does the RBC of birds and reptiles naturally have?

A

They have nucleated red blood cells

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5
Q

Rouleaux formation

A

Stacking of erythrocytes

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6
Q

What species is Rouleaux formation normal?

A

Horses

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7
Q

Agglutination

A

Cells are coated with antibodies, resulting in bridges and clumps

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8
Q

What cell arrangement is never normal?

A

Agglutination

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9
Q

What are the causes of agglutination?

A

Immune disorders
Transfusion with the wrong blood type
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis

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10
Q

How do you tell the difference between Rouleaux and Agglutination?

A

With one drop of saline, the Rouleaux will disperse

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11
Q

-cytic

A

Size

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12
Q

-chromic

A

Color

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13
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Variation in red blood cell size

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14
Q

Macrocytes

A

Large cells

often reticulocytes

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15
Q

Microcytes

A

Decreased cell size
Seen in iron deficiency
Spherocytes

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16
Q

What species is Anisocytosis normal?

A

Cattle

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17
Q

Normochromic

A

Normal cell color

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18
Q

Polychromasia

A

Varying color

increased bluish tint

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19
Q

Hypochromasia

A

Decreased color
Insufficient hemoglobin
Have a very pale central region
Iron deficiency

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20
Q

Is the term Hyperchromic used commonly to describe darker stained cells?

A

No. Oversaturation cannot occur because the cell has a fixed capacity for hemoglobin

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21
Q

What are the cells called instead of hyperchromic?

A

Spherocytes

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22
Q

What are Spherocytes?

A

They have lost the biconcave disk shape
Perfectly round
Stain intensely because they are not flat anymore

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23
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Abnormally shaped blood cells

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24
Q

What are the five categories of morphological changes?

A 
Regenerative responses
Immune-mediated damage
Oxidative injury
Membrane/metabolic disorder
Mechanical fragmentation
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25
Q

What morphological changes are seen in Immune-mediated damage?

A

Spherocytes
Agglutination
Ghost Cells

26
Q

Ghost Cells

A

remnant cell membranes

Due to intravascular lysis

27
Q

Oxidative Injury

A

Areas of red blood cells with denatured hemoglobin

28
Q

What does denatured hemoglobin mean?

A

The hemoglobin is pushed aside

29
Q

What causes an oxidative injury?

A

Ingestion of garlic and onions in dogs

Ingestion of Tylenol in cats

30
Q

If an oxidative injury has occurred, what are the cells unable to carry?

A

Oxygen

31
Q

What changes are seen in the cells with an oxidative injury?

A

Heinz bodies

Eccentrocytes

32
Q

Heinz bodies

A

Small round projection, sometimes blue, dependent on the stain

33
Q

What are the small round projections on Heinze bodies?

A

Denatured hemoglobin

34
Q

What do increased amounts of Heinz bodies indicate?

A

Lymphosarcoma
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes mellitus

35
Q

Eccentrocytes

A

Hemoglobin gets pushed over to one side

36
Q

What do increased amounts of Eccentrocytes indicate?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis
Neoplasia
Babesia canis

37
Q

Metabolic/ Membrane Disorders:

Echinocytes

A

Burr cells
Renal disease
multiple, small, delicate, regular-shaped spines distributed evenly

38
Q

Burr Cells

A

Projections similar to Echinocytes but oval to elongated

39
Q

How do you tell the difference between Echinocytes and crenation?

A

Crenation is a drying artifact and happens in vitro

Echinocytes occurs because of renal disease ( in vivo)

40
Q

Metabolic/ Membrane Disorders: Acanthocytes

A

Multiple, large, irregular shaped, blunt, finger-like projections
Spur cells
Liver disease
Hemangiosarcoma

41
Q

Metabolic/ Membrane Disorders: Keratocytes

A

Blister, bite, Helmet cells
Area of cell membrane damage
Two fairly uniform hornlike projections
Hemangiosarcoma, neoplasia, glomerulonephritis, liver disease

42
Q

Metabolic/ Membrane Disorders: Torocytes

A

Punched out cells
An abrupt transition between the outer and central zones
an artifact of spreading the blood

43
Q

Metabolic/Membrane Disorders: Stomatocytes

A

Central pallor is oval, elongated

resembles a mouth

44
Q

In what circumstances will stomatocytes be present?

A

Inherited
Lead poisoning
Drying artifact

45
Q

Metabolic/ Membrane Disorders: Ovalcytes (elliptocytes)

A

Cells that are oval with an oval region of central pallor

Normal in camelids

46
Q

In what situations will you see ovalcytes in species where it is not normal?

A

Lymphoblastic leukemia
Hepatic lipidosis
Portosystemic shunts
Glomerulonephritis

47
Q

Metabolic/Membrane Disorders: Lepatocytes

A

Codocytes and Bar cells

The cell membrane is too large for the quantity of hemoglobin

48
Q

Lepatocytes: Codocytes

A

Target cells
Could be a change in polychromatophil
Liver disease

49
Q

Lepatocytes: Bar cells

A

Knizocytes

Bar-shaped or line near central pallor

50
Q

Mechanical Fragmentation

A

Caused by intravascular trauma or myelofibrosis
Schistocytes (Schizocytes)
Dacryocytes

51
Q

Mechanical Fragmentation: Schistocytes or Schizocytes

A

Sheared off RBC
Caused by intravascular trauma
Irregularly shaped RBC
Seen with Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

52
Q

Mechanical Fragmentation: Dacryocytes

A

Happens in the bone marrow while they are developing
Tear-drop shaped cells
Caused by myelofibrosis

53
Q

What does it mean if the points of the Dacryocytes are facing the same way?

A

It is an artifact of spreading

54
Q

What is myelofibrosis?

A

Scarring of the bone marrow

The cause is unknown but may be secondary to lymphoma or leukemia

55
Q

What are the six pseudoparasites?

A

Stain Precipitate, Basophilic stippling
Pappenheimer bodies, Refractile bodies
Platelets, Howell-Jolly bodies

56
Q

Anaplasma marginale

A

Parasite seen in ruminants

57
Q

What bacteria is Anaplasma marginal caused by?

A

Rickettsia spp

58
Q

What happens to ruminants that are infected with Anaplasma marginal?

A

They get anemia quickly and the RBC break apart

59
Q

Viral inclusions: Distemper

A

Inclusions are larger than Howell-Jolly bodies
Stain pink to red (sometimes blue)
Smooth glassy appearance

60
Q

Mycoplasma haemocanis

A

Coccoid or rod-shaped blue structures forming chains on RBC

Seen in dogs who have had their spleens removed

61
Q

Babesia Canis

A

Large intracellular, pear-shaped parasite
Protozoan
Cause the RBC to break apart, anemia and icterus

62
Q

Mycoplasma haemofelis

A

A common cause of feline infectious anemia
Passed via vectors or from queen to kitten
Small, blue, coccoid, rod, or ring-shaped organisms on the surface of RBC

Clinical Laboratory Techniques (45 decks)

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