Functions of Blood

Question 1

What are the four functions of blood

Answer 1

1. Oxygen transport to cells
2. CO2 transport away from the cells
3. Transport nutrients from the digestive system to cells
4. Transport hormones to cells

Question 2

What do all cells in the bone marrow start as?

Answer 2

Pluripotent stem cells

Question 3

What is the end result of the maturation of pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 3

Erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes from the bone marrow

Question 4

Hematopoiesis

Answer 4

The production of blood cells and platelets

Question 5

Whole blood is composed of what two things?

Answer 5

Fluids (plasma)

Cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)

Question 6

Leukocytes are composed of what two types of cells?

Answer 6

Agranulocytes

Granulocytes

Question 7

What cells are classified as agranulocytes?

Answer 7

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Question 8

What cells are classified as granulocytes?

Answer 8

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 9

Where are blood cells produced in adults?

Answer 9

Red bone marrow of long bones

Question 10

Where are blood cells produced in fetal blood production?

Answer 10

Liver and spleen

Question 11

Poiesis

Answer 11

to make, production of

Question 12

Hema or hemat/o

Answer 12

blood

Question 13

Erythr/o

Answer 13

Red

Question 14

Leuk or Leuk/o

Answer 14

white

Question 15

Thromb or thromb/o

Answer 15

Clot

Question 16

What can develop into any type of blood cell or platelet?

Answer 16

Pluripotent Stem cells

Question 17

Pluripotent stem cells are influenced by what?

Answer 17

Cytokines

Question 18

What are cytokines?

Answer 18

Chemical messengers or hormones

Question 19

What is the primary cytokine for red blood cell production and where is it produced?

Answer 19

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Produced in the kidney

Question 20

Erythrocytes

Answer 20

red blood cells
no nucleus in mammals
biconcave shape
Transports O2 and CO2

Question 21

What is the life span of red blood cells in dogs?

Answer 21

120 days

Question 22

What is the life span of red blood cells in cats?

Answer 22

70 days

Question 23

What is the life span of red blood cells in humans?

Answer 23

120 days

Question 24

What decreases to alert the kidneys to produce erythropoietin?

Answer 24

Oxygen tension in the blood

Question 25

How does erythropoietin produce more RBCs?

Answer 25

It binds to receptors on erythroid precursor cells, causing them to divide and mature, releasing more RBCs

Question 26

RBC Development

Answer 26

``` Rubriblasts Prorubricyte Rubricytes Metarubricytes Reticulocytes or Polychromatophils ```

Question 27

Rubriblasts

Answer 27

Large cell in bone marrow

Question 28

Prorubricyte

Answer 28

Smaller than rubriblasts Slightly more dense basophilic cytoplasm No visible nucleus

Question 29

Rubricytes

Answer 29

Basophilic cytoplasm | Clumping nucleus but changes as it matures

Question 30

Metarubricytes

Answer 30

``` Smallest cells Condensed nucleus Deep red cytoplasm Cannot divide Hemoglobin formation completed ```

Question 31

Reticulocytes/Polychromatophil

Answer 31

Term used dependent on the stain Immature RBCs Lose ribosomal material and small pieces remain as punctate reticulocytes

Question 32

Reticulocytes

Answer 32

Use New methylene blue | Can still see ribosomal material

Question 33

Polychromatophils

Answer 33

Use regular diff quick stain | Stain a little bit bigger and a little bit bluer than regular mature erythrocytes

Question 34

Thrombopoiesis

Answer 34

Pluripotent stem cell Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte

Question 35

Thrombopoietin

Answer 35

Produced primarily in the liver

Question 36

Megakaryocyte

Answer 36

Many nuclear lobes Reddish granules in cytoplasm Very large Shear apart in blood flow

Question 37

What forms from the shearing of the cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte?

Answer 37

Proplatelets

Question 38

What are proplatelets?

Answer 38

Large immature platelets

Question 39

Leukopoiesis

Answer 39

The bone marrow of an adult human make about 1 billion neutrophils per day Takes about one week to make one Only live in the peripheral blood for a few hours

Question 40

Granulopoiesis

Answer 40

``` Production of the granulocytes Myeloblasts Promyelocytes Myelocytes Band cells Segmented granulocytes ```

Question 41

Myeloblasts

Answer 41

Large with round to oval nucleus Most immature Prominent nucleolus Pale gray-blue cytoplasm

Question 42

Promyelocytes

Answer 42

Large pale staining prominent reddish cytoplasmic granules no obvious nuclei

Question 43

Myelocytes

Answer 43

Smaller round nucleus characteristics of mature cells appear Where they develop the specific granules

Question 44

What color do the specific granulocyte turn?

Answer 44

Basophil= blue Eosinophil=Red Neutrophil=Pink

Question 45

Band cells

Answer 45

Horseshoe-shaped nucleus with parallel sides | Immature neutrophil

Question 46

Segmented granulocytes

Answer 46

Nuclei with 2 or more lobes

Question 47

Monopoiesis

Answer 47

Production of monocytes Monoblasts Promonocytes Monocytes (phagocytes)

Question 48

What do monocytes develop into with the right cytokines?

Answer 48

Macrophages

Question 49

What are monocytes called when they are found in the tissues and not the blood?

Answer 49

Macrophages

Question 50

What are Monocytes called when they are found in the blood not in tissues?

Answer 50

They stay as Monocytes

Question 51

Lymphocyte development

Answer 51

Pluripotent stem cell Common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) Lymphoblast Prolymphocyte stages

Question 52

What are the different prolymphocyte stages?

Answer 52

B-lymphocyte precursor | T-lymphocyte or natural killer precursor

Question 53

What requires certain cytokines and antibodies?

Answer 53

Lymphopoiesis

Question 54

Juvenile B-lymphocytes

Answer 54

Mature primarily in the bone marrow

Question 55

Where do juvenile B-lymphocytes mature in dogs, pigs and ruminents?

Answer 55

Specialized ileal Peyer patches

Question 56

Where do juvenile B-lymphocytes mature in birds?

Answer 56

Bursa of Fabricius

Question 57

Where do T-lymphocytes mature

Answer 57

Thymus

Question 58

Where do natural killer cells mature?

Answer 58

In the bone marrow, thymus and other lymphoid tissues

Question 59

How do we differentiate lymphocytes

Answer 59

By size | small, medium, large

Question 60

-penia

Answer 60

Decreased number of cells

Question 61

Neutropenia

Answer 61

decreased neutrophils

Question 62

Pancytopenia

Answer 62

decreased of all blood cell types

Question 63

-philia or -cytosis

Answer 63

increased number of cells

Question 64

Neutrophilia

Answer 64

increase in circulating neutrophils

Question 65

Lymphocytosis

Answer 65

increase in lymphocytes | high lymphocyte count

Question 66

Left shift

Answer 66

increased number of immature neutrophils | a lot of band cells

Question 67

Leukemia

Answer 67

Neoplastic cells of blood or marrow

Question 68

Leukemoid response

Answer 68

mistaken for leukemia | marked leukocytosis is usually inflammatory disease