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Clinical Laboratory Techniques > Functions of Blood > Flashcards

Functions of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four functions of blood

A
  1. Oxygen transport to cells
  2. CO2 transport away from the cells
  3. Transport nutrients from the digestive system to cells
  4. Transport hormones to cells
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2
Q

What do all cells in the bone marrow start as?

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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3
Q

What is the end result of the maturation of pluripotent stem cells?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes from the bone marrow

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4
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

The production of blood cells and platelets

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5
Q

Whole blood is composed of what two things?

A

Fluids (plasma)

Cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)

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6
Q

Leukocytes are composed of what two types of cells?

A

Agranulocytes

Granulocytes

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7
Q

What cells are classified as agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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8
Q

What cells are classified as granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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9
Q

Where are blood cells produced in adults?

A

Red bone marrow of long bones

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10
Q

Where are blood cells produced in fetal blood production?

A

Liver and spleen

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11
Q

Poiesis

A

to make, production of

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12
Q

Hema or hemat/o

A

blood

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13
Q

Erythr/o

A

Red

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14
Q

Leuk or Leuk/o

A

white

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15
Q

Thromb or thromb/o

A

Clot

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16
Q

What can develop into any type of blood cell or platelet?

A

Pluripotent Stem cells

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17
Q

Pluripotent stem cells are influenced by what?

A

Cytokines

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18
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemical messengers or hormones

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19
Q

What is the primary cytokine for red blood cell production and where is it produced?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Produced in the kidney

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20
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells
no nucleus in mammals
biconcave shape
Transports O2 and CO2

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21
Q

What is the life span of red blood cells in dogs?

A

120 days

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22
Q

What is the life span of red blood cells in cats?

A

70 days

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23
Q

What is the life span of red blood cells in humans?

A

120 days

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24
Q

What decreases to alert the kidneys to produce erythropoietin?

A

Oxygen tension in the blood

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25
Q

How does erythropoietin produce more RBCs?

A

It binds to receptors on erythroid precursor cells, causing them to divide and mature, releasing more RBCs

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26
Q

RBC Development

A 
Rubriblasts
Prorubricyte
Rubricytes
Metarubricytes
Reticulocytes or Polychromatophils
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27
Q

Rubriblasts

A

Large cell in bone marrow

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28
Q

Prorubricyte

A

Smaller than rubriblasts
Slightly more dense basophilic cytoplasm
No visible nucleus

29
Q

Rubricytes

A

Basophilic cytoplasm

Clumping nucleus but changes as it matures

30
Q

Metarubricytes

A 
Smallest cells
Condensed nucleus
Deep red cytoplasm
Cannot divide
Hemoglobin formation completed
31
Q

Reticulocytes/Polychromatophil

A

Term used dependent on the stain
Immature RBCs
Lose ribosomal material and small pieces remain as punctate reticulocytes

32
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Use New methylene blue

Can still see ribosomal material

33
Q

Polychromatophils

A

Use regular diff quick stain

Stain a little bit bigger and a little bit bluer than regular mature erythrocytes

34
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

Pluripotent stem cell
Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte

35
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Produced primarily in the liver

36
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

Many nuclear lobes
Reddish granules in cytoplasm
Very large
Shear apart in blood flow

37
Q

What forms from the shearing of the cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte?

A

Proplatelets

38
Q

What are proplatelets?

A

Large immature platelets

39
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

The bone marrow of an adult human make about 1 billion neutrophils per day
Takes about one week to make one
Only live in the peripheral blood for a few hours

40
Q

Granulopoiesis

A 
Production of the granulocytes 
Myeloblasts
Promyelocytes
Myelocytes
Band cells
Segmented granulocytes
41
Q

Myeloblasts

A

Large with round to oval nucleus
Most immature
Prominent nucleolus
Pale gray-blue cytoplasm

42
Q

Promyelocytes

A

Large
pale staining
prominent reddish cytoplasmic granules
no obvious nuclei

43
Q

Myelocytes

A

Smaller
round nucleus
characteristics of mature cells appear
Where they develop the specific granules

44
Q

What color do the specific granulocyte turn?

A

Basophil= blue
Eosinophil=Red
Neutrophil=Pink

45
Q

Band cells

A

Horseshoe-shaped nucleus with parallel sides

Immature neutrophil

46
Q

Segmented granulocytes

A

Nuclei with 2 or more lobes

47
Q

Monopoiesis

A

Production of monocytes
Monoblasts
Promonocytes
Monocytes (phagocytes)

48
Q

What do monocytes develop into with the right cytokines?

A

Macrophages

49
Q

What are monocytes called when they are found in the tissues and not the blood?

A

Macrophages

50
Q

What are Monocytes called when they are found in the blood not in tissues?

A

They stay as Monocytes

51
Q

Lymphocyte development

A

Pluripotent stem cell
Common lymphoid progenitor (CLP)
Lymphoblast
Prolymphocyte stages

52
Q

What are the different prolymphocyte stages?

A

B-lymphocyte precursor

T-lymphocyte or natural killer precursor

53
Q

What requires certain cytokines and antibodies?

A

Lymphopoiesis

54
Q

Juvenile B-lymphocytes

A

Mature primarily in the bone marrow

55
Q

Where do juvenile B-lymphocytes mature in dogs, pigs and ruminents?

A

Specialized ileal Peyer patches

56
Q

Where do juvenile B-lymphocytes mature in birds?

A

Bursa of Fabricius

57
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes mature

A

Thymus

58
Q

Where do natural killer cells mature?

A

In the bone marrow, thymus and other lymphoid tissues

59
Q

How do we differentiate lymphocytes

A

By size

small, medium, large

60
Q

-penia

A

Decreased number of cells

61
Q

Neutropenia

A

decreased neutrophils

62
Q

Pancytopenia

A

decreased of all blood cell types

63
Q

-philia or -cytosis

A

increased number of cells

64
Q

Neutrophilia

A

increase in circulating neutrophils

65
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

increase in lymphocytes

high lymphocyte count

66
Q

Left shift

A

increased number of immature neutrophils

a lot of band cells

67
Q

Leukemia

A

Neoplastic cells of blood or marrow

68
Q

Leukemoid response

A

mistaken for leukemia

marked leukocytosis is usually inflammatory disease

Clinical Laboratory Techniques (45 decks)

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