Functions of Blood Flashcards
What are the four functions of blood
- Oxygen transport to cells
- CO2 transport away from the cells
- Transport nutrients from the digestive system to cells
- Transport hormones to cells
What do all cells in the bone marrow start as?
Pluripotent stem cells
What is the end result of the maturation of pluripotent stem cells?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes from the bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
The production of blood cells and platelets
Whole blood is composed of what two things?
Fluids (plasma)
Cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)
Leukocytes are composed of what two types of cells?
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
What cells are classified as agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
What cells are classified as granulocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Where are blood cells produced in adults?
Red bone marrow of long bones
Where are blood cells produced in fetal blood production?
Liver and spleen
Poiesis
to make, production of
Hema or hemat/o
blood
Erythr/o
Red
Leuk or Leuk/o
white
Thromb or thromb/o
Clot
What can develop into any type of blood cell or platelet?
Pluripotent Stem cells
Pluripotent stem cells are influenced by what?
Cytokines
What are cytokines?
Chemical messengers or hormones
What is the primary cytokine for red blood cell production and where is it produced?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Produced in the kidney
Erythrocytes
red blood cells
no nucleus in mammals
biconcave shape
Transports O2 and CO2
What is the life span of red blood cells in dogs?
120 days
What is the life span of red blood cells in cats?
70 days
What is the life span of red blood cells in humans?
120 days
What decreases to alert the kidneys to produce erythropoietin?
Oxygen tension in the blood
How does erythropoietin produce more RBCs?
It binds to receptors on erythroid precursor cells, causing them to divide and mature, releasing more RBCs
RBC Development
Rubriblasts Prorubricyte Rubricytes Metarubricytes Reticulocytes or Polychromatophils
Rubriblasts
Large cell in bone marrow
Prorubricyte
Smaller than rubriblasts
Slightly more dense basophilic cytoplasm
No visible nucleus
Rubricytes
Basophilic cytoplasm
Clumping nucleus but changes as it matures
Metarubricytes
Smallest cells Condensed nucleus Deep red cytoplasm Cannot divide Hemoglobin formation completed
Reticulocytes/Polychromatophil
Term used dependent on the stain
Immature RBCs
Lose ribosomal material and small pieces remain as punctate reticulocytes
Reticulocytes
Use New methylene blue
Can still see ribosomal material
Polychromatophils
Use regular diff quick stain
Stain a little bit bigger and a little bit bluer than regular mature erythrocytes
Thrombopoiesis
Pluripotent stem cell
Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte
Thrombopoietin
Produced primarily in the liver
Megakaryocyte
Many nuclear lobes
Reddish granules in cytoplasm
Very large
Shear apart in blood flow
What forms from the shearing of the cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte?
Proplatelets
What are proplatelets?
Large immature platelets
Leukopoiesis
The bone marrow of an adult human make about 1 billion neutrophils per day
Takes about one week to make one
Only live in the peripheral blood for a few hours
Granulopoiesis
Production of the granulocytes Myeloblasts Promyelocytes Myelocytes Band cells Segmented granulocytes
Myeloblasts
Large with round to oval nucleus
Most immature
Prominent nucleolus
Pale gray-blue cytoplasm
Promyelocytes
Large
pale staining
prominent reddish cytoplasmic granules
no obvious nuclei
Myelocytes
Smaller
round nucleus
characteristics of mature cells appear
Where they develop the specific granules
What color do the specific granulocyte turn?
Basophil= blue
Eosinophil=Red
Neutrophil=Pink
Band cells
Horseshoe-shaped nucleus with parallel sides
Immature neutrophil
Segmented granulocytes
Nuclei with 2 or more lobes
Monopoiesis
Production of monocytes
Monoblasts
Promonocytes
Monocytes (phagocytes)
What do monocytes develop into with the right cytokines?
Macrophages
What are monocytes called when they are found in the tissues and not the blood?
Macrophages
What are Monocytes called when they are found in the blood not in tissues?
They stay as Monocytes
Lymphocyte development
Pluripotent stem cell
Common lymphoid progenitor (CLP)
Lymphoblast
Prolymphocyte stages
What are the different prolymphocyte stages?
B-lymphocyte precursor
T-lymphocyte or natural killer precursor
What requires certain cytokines and antibodies?
Lymphopoiesis
Juvenile B-lymphocytes
Mature primarily in the bone marrow
Where do juvenile B-lymphocytes mature in dogs, pigs and ruminents?
Specialized ileal Peyer patches
Where do juvenile B-lymphocytes mature in birds?
Bursa of Fabricius
Where do T-lymphocytes mature
Thymus
Where do natural killer cells mature?
In the bone marrow, thymus and other lymphoid tissues
How do we differentiate lymphocytes
By size
small, medium, large
-penia
Decreased number of cells
Neutropenia
decreased neutrophils
Pancytopenia
decreased of all blood cell types
-philia or -cytosis
increased number of cells
Neutrophilia
increase in circulating neutrophils
Lymphocytosis
increase in lymphocytes
high lymphocyte count
Left shift
increased number of immature neutrophils
a lot of band cells
Leukemia
Neoplastic cells of blood or marrow
Leukemoid response
mistaken for leukemia
marked leukocytosis is usually inflammatory disease
