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Clinical Laboratory Techniques > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is anemia?

A

The decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

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2
Q

What is anemia is caused by?

A

Decreased red blood cell production
Increased loss from bleeding
Destruction from hemolysis

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3
Q

What is anemia measured by?

A

The decrease in the hemoglobin value
The decrease in the PCV
The red blood cell count below normal

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4
Q

How can anemia be revealed based on the stained smear?

A

The shape, size, and color of red blood cells

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5
Q

Is anemia a disease?

A

No, it is a symptom of a disease process

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6
Q

How do you classify anemia?

A

Morphology
Etiology
Regenerative or non-regenerative

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7
Q

Classification of anemia by Morphology

A

Based on red blood cell size (MCV) and hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

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8
Q

What is normocytic, normochromic anemia?

A

The cells are normal in size and color

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9
Q

Macrocytic anemia

A

Large red blood cells

Transitory increase in response to regenerative anemia

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10
Q

What is the most common type of anemia?

A

Microcytic, Hypochromic anemia

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11
Q

Hypochromic

A

Reduced hemoglobin concentration
Pale hemoglobin
Iron deficiency

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12
Q

Is Hyperchromic possible?

A

No, because red blood cells have a fixed capacity for hemoglobin

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13
Q

What are the causes of normocytic and normochromic anemia?

A

Trauma with sufficient hemorrhage

Depression of bone marrow resulting in too slow production of cells

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14
Q

What is the primary cause of microcytic, hypochromic anemia?

A

The continuous, gradual loss of iron from the circulatory system, faster than it can be replaced

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15
Q

What are other causes of microcytic, hypochromic anemia?

A

Blood-sucking parasites
Dietary iron deficiency may occur in baby pigs
Can be caused by anything that causes red blood cell loss

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16
Q

Etiologic Classification of anemia

A 
Classified according to the cause  
Hemolytic
Hemorrhagic
Iron deficiency
Production disorders
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17
Q

What is Hemolytic Anemia?

A

Due to red blood cells rupturing within the vasculature
Affects the liver and the kidney
Usually regenerative

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18
Q

Why does hemolytic anemia have an excess amount of bilirubin?

A

Because of the breakdown of hemoglobin

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19
Q

What are the causes of hemolytic anemia?

A

Bacteria and viruses
Blood parasites
Toxins and chemicals
IMHA

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20
Q

Etiologic classification: Hemorrhagic or Blood loss

A

Acute blood loss due to traumatic injuries

Young animals heavily infected with blood-sucking parasites

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21
Q

Can normocytic normochromic anemia change to microcytic hypochromic anemia?

A

Yes it can due to gradual blood loss

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22
Q

Etiologic classification: What is iron deficiency?

A

Continual loss of red blood cells
Caused by a deficiency of necessary chemicals for complete maturation
Microcytic, hypochromic anemia

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23
Q

Iron deficiency may be caused by improper dietary amounts of:

A

B-12, folic, nicotinic, pyridoxine, protein, copper, cobalt, nickel

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24
Q

What does an acute condition of bone marrow suppression look like? Is there treatment?

A

Appear as normocytic, normochromic at first
no treatment
Erythropoiesis is reduced or defective

25
Q

Metabolic inhibition of bone marrow is caused by:

A

Chronic renal or liver disease
Severe infection
Malignancy
Endocrine disturbances-hyperthyroid, hypoadrenocorticism

26
Q

What does the CBC of a bone marrow depressed patient look like?

A

Pancytopenia

27
Q

Nucleated Red Blood cells

A

Metarubricytes

Not found in healthy blood, especially in high numbers

28
Q

If you see more than 5 nucleated red blood cells what must you do?

A

Perform a Corrected White Blood cell count

29
Q

What information do you need to perform a corrected white blood cell count?

A

Total WBC count (from CBC machine)

Total # nucleated red blood cells

30
Q

What is the formula for corrected white blood cell count?

A

Total WBC x 100/100 + #nRBC

31
Q

Why must you perform the corrected white blood cell count?

A

The CBC machine may have counted nucleated red blood cells as white blood cells, this corrected number gives you the number of WBCs

32
Q

What is Non-regenerative anemia?

A

Bone marrow is unable to respond to blood loss
Reticulocytes are absent in blood
Decreased PCV, hemoglobin, and red blood cell

33
Q

What is regenerative anemia

A

Appropriate bone marrow response with the release of increased numbers of normal immature red cells

34
Q

What laboratory tests can you run to determine if it is regenerative anemia?

A

Reticulocyte count
Erythrocyte indices
RBC morphology
Plasma color, turbidity, total plasma protein concentration
Serum blood iron measurement, bilirubin measurement, and bone marrow evaluation

35
Q

What are the common causes of non-regenerative anemia?

A 
Iron deficiency
Ehrlichiosis
Drug toxicity
Histoplasmosis
Hypothyroidism
Renal insufficiency
36
Q

What is the best clinical index that an animal is responding to anemia?

A 
Reticulocyte count 
A measurable (quantifiable) method for looking at new red blood cells
37
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

Immature erythrocytes with no nucleus but with retained ribosomal material

38
Q

What is the difference between polychromatophils and reticulocytes?

A

Staining

They are the same stage of maturation

39
Q

Polychromatophil staining

A 
Romanowsky stains (Diff Quick)
You can not see remnant ribosomes
40
Q

Reticulocyte staining

A

Supravital stain–> New methylene blue

You can see remnant ribosomes

41
Q

Reticulocyte Staining: Method 1

A

Place a drop of new methylene blue onto a coverslip and invert it onto the monolayer of a smear

42
Q

Reticulocyte Staining: Method 2

A 
Better method
Mix equal parts of new methylene blue and blood
Allow to stand for 10-15 minutes 
Mix the sample and make a smear
Can stain with Romanowsky stain
43
Q

What are the two forms of reticulocytes that cats have?

A

Aggregate and Punctate

44
Q

Aggregate

A

Large clumps of reticulum

45
Q

Punctate

A

Unique to cats

2 to 8 small singular basophilic granules

46
Q

What is normal aggregate and punctate for cats?

A

Aggregate: 0.4%
Punctate: 1.5% to 10%

47
Q

What is a reticulocyte count?

A

Expression of the percentage of red blood cells that are reticulocytes
Percentage per 1000 red blood cells on oil-immersion

48
Q

What anemic animal should a reticulocyte count not be performed on?

A

Horses

They do not release reticulocytes, you have to look at a bone marrow sample

49
Q

What is a reticulocyte count useful in determining?

A

Bone marrow response

50
Q

What can reticulocytes be confused with?

A

Basophilic Stippling

51
Q

Basophilic stippling

A

Also retained organelles

found commonly in lead poisoning

52
Q

How can you tell the difference between reticulocytes and basophilic stippling?

A

Stain
Reticulocytes need New Methylene Blue
Basophilic Stippling stains easily with Diff Quick

53
Q

How many days usually pass before an animal shows signs of anemia?

A

4 to 7 days from the cause of anemia

54
Q

What is an adequate response to regenerative anemia?

A

The percentage of reticulocytes is greater than or equal to the expected percentage for the corresponding PCV

55
Q

What are the normal reticulocyte ranges for dogs?

A

0-1.5%

56
Q

What is the normal aggregate range of reticulocytes in cats?

A

0-0.4%

57
Q

What is the normal punctate range of reticulocytes in cats?

A

1.5-10%

58
Q

What are other signs of immaturity?

A

Howell Jolly Bodies
Polychromasia
Nucleated Red blood cells

Clinical Laboratory Techniques (45 decks)

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