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Clinical Laboratory Techniques > Clinical Chemistries: Electrolytes > Flashcards

Clinical Chemistries: Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Ions

  • anions (-)
  • cations (+)
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2
Q

What are the major functions of electrolytes?

A

Maintain water balance, fluid osmotic pressure, normal muscle, and nerve function, and acid-base regulation

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3
Q

What are the commonly run in-house electrolytes tests?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride

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4
Q

What are the commonly run send-out electrolytes tests?

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium

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5
Q

What is bicarbonate?

A

not a true electrolyte

it is a blood buffer that maintains pH

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6
Q

What does Acid-Base Balance refer to?

A

The steady-state of the pH of the body

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7
Q

What is the normal pH?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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8
Q

Below 7.3=

A

Acidosis (excess H+)

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9
Q

Above 7.5=

A

Alkalosis (low H+)

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10
Q

What two systems work to regulate the pH in acid-base imbalance?

A

Respiratory and renal systems

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11
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Increases in CO2 in the body

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12
Q

What happens if the respiratory rate decreases?

A

Less CO2 is eliminated

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13
Q

What does an increase in partial pressure cause?

A

Acidosis

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14
Q

Hypocapnia

A

Decrease of CO2 in body

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15
Q

Decrease in PCO2 causes what?

A

Alkalosis

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16
Q

Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

A

All other causes besides the respiratory system
Ketosis (acidosis)
Vomiting (Alkalosis)

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17
Q

Cations

A 
Na+
K+
Ca++
Mg++
H+
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18
Q

Anions

A

Cl-
HCO3-
PO4

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19
Q

What important role does sodium play?

A

Water distribution and body fluid osmotic pressure maintenance

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20
Q

What tube do you not use when running sodium?

A

Heparin

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21
Q

Conditions associated with hypernatremia

A

Water deprivation
Hyperventilation
Osmotic diuresis

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22
Q

Conditions associated with hyponatremia

A

GI disorders
Ketonuria
Hypoadrenocorticism
Congestive Heart Failure

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23
Q

Potassium

A

Major intracellular cation

24
Q

What is potassium important in?

A 
Normal muscular function
Respiration 
Cardiac function
Nerve impulse transmission
Carbohydrate metabolism
25
Q

What is preferred when running potassium?

A

Plasma

Potassium may be released during the clotting

26
Q

What do you avoid when collecting blood for potassium?

A

Hemolysis

Releases Potassium

27
Q

Conditions associated with hyperkalemia

A

Metabolic acidosis
Urinary tract infection
Renal Insufficiency

28
Q

Conditions associated with hypokalemia

A

Anorexia
Ketonuria
Diuresis

29
Q

Chloride

A

Predominant extracellular anion

30
Q

What does chloride play an important role in?

A

Maintenance of water distribution
Osmotic pressure
normal anion/cation ratio

31
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

Elevated chloride levels

32
Q

Hypochloremia

A

Decreased chloride levels

33
Q

What interferes with the results of chloride?

A

Hemolysis and prolonged storage

34
Q

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

A

The second most common anion of plasma

35
Q

What does bicarbonate help maintain?

A

Acid-base (pH) balance

36
Q

What helps regulate bicarbonate levels?

A

The Kidney

37
Q

What is bicarbonate levels frequently estimated from

A

CO2 levels

38
Q

What percent of bicarbonate levels are from the total CO2 levels measured?

A

95%

39
Q

What is found in more than 50% of bones?

A

Magnesium

40
Q

What can result from the imbalance of the Mg/Ca ratio?

A

Muscular tetany from the release of acetylcholine

41
Q

What are the two species that show clinical signs of hypomagnesemia?

A

Cattle and Sheep

42
Q

What may decrease magnesium results?

A

Anticoagulants other than heparin

43
Q

What is found in 99% of bones?

A

Calcium

44
Q

What are the functions of the remaining 1% of the calcium in the body?

A

Maintenance of neuromuscular excitability and tone
Activity of enzymes
Inorganic ion transfer across cell membranes
Facilitates blood coagulation

45
Q

The concentrations of calcium are inversely related to what concentrations?

A

Inorganic phosphorus

46
Q

When collected a blood sample for calcium levels what should you not use?

A

EDTA

Oxalate or citrate anticoagulants

47
Q

More than 80% of inorganic phosphorus is found where?

A

In the bones

48
Q

What are the functions of the remaining 20% inorganic phosphorus?

A

Energy storage, release, and transfer

Involvement in the carbohydrate metabolism

49
Q

What is inorganic phosphorus needed to make?

A

Nearly every type of protein in the body

50
Q

Inorganic PO4 in plasma or serum becomes what in red blood cells?

A

Organic PO4

51
Q

What will falsely elevate inorganic phosphorus levels?

A

Hemolysis

52
Q

Anion Gap: Normal circumstances

A

The same number of cations and anions

Any difference is called the anion gap

53
Q

What is the Anion Gap calculated from?

A

Measured electrolyte values

54
Q

What is the formula to calculate Anion Gap

A

(Na+ + K+) - (Cl- + HCO3)

55
Q

In what cases will you see an increase in the anion gap?

A

Lactic acidosis
Renal failure
Diabetic ketoacidosis

56
Q

In what cases will you see a decrease in the anion gap?

A

Hypoalbuminemia

Clinical Laboratory Techniques (45 decks)

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