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Clinical Laboratory Techniques > Clinical Chemistries: Endocrine Assays > Flashcards

Clinical Chemistries: Endocrine Assays Flashcards

1
Q

What do the hypothalamus and pituitary regulate?

A

Growth
Development
Metabolism
Homeostasis

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2
Q

What controls the pituitary gland by releasing and inhibiting hormones?

A

The Hypothalamus

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3
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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4
Q

What is considered the Master Gland?

A

The pituitary gland

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5
Q

The pituitary gland is made of what two lobes?

A

Anterior Pituitary

Posterior Pituitary

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6
Q

What are the seven hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary Hormones?

A
  1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  3. Growth Hormone
  4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  5. Luteinizing Hormone
  6. Prolactin
  7. Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone
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7
Q

What are the seven hormones stimulated by?

A

Endocrine signals from hypothalamus

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8
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex Hormones

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9
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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10
Q

What happens when the animal is stressed?

A

The brain triggers the hypothalamus to secrete a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

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11
Q

What does CRF trigger the secretion of?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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12
Q

Cushing disease (hyperadrenocorticism)

A

Brain or pituitary tumors and overuse of glucocorticoids may cause excessive cortisol release

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s disease?

A 
Pot-belly
Symmetrical hair loss
PU/PD
polyphagia
Lethargy
Panting
Skin disease
UTIs
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14
Q

Addison Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism)

A

Decrease in cortisol

Cortex atrophies

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of Addison’s Disease?

A 
Vomiting and Diarrhea
Hypoglycemia
Muscle Weakness
Dehydration
Bradycardia
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16
Q

What is used in animals with suspected hypoadrenocorticism or hyperadrenocorticism?

A

ACTH Stimulation Test

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17
Q

What does the ACT Stimulation test evaluate?

A

The degree of adrenal gland response to administration of exogenous ACTH

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18
Q

How accurate are the ACTH stimulation screening tests in dogs and cats?

A

80% in dogs

50% in cats

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19
Q

Low-dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test

A

Confirms or replaces ACTH response test for hyperadrenocorticism

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20
Q

High-dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test

A

Differentiates pituitary from adrenal causes

21
Q

What test is only suitable for cats?

A

High-dose dexamethasone suppression test

22
Q

What test differentiate between pituitary-dependent and primary hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation

23
Q

What should not be elevated after the CRH test?

A

Plasma cortisol concentrations and ACTH

24
Q

In what disease will you see an increase in CRH?

A

Adrenal-dependent Cushing disease

25
Q

How do you do a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test?

A

Obtain a baseline sample
Administer 1mg/kg corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Sample again at 15 and 30 minutes

26
Q

What does the thyroid gland secrete and then is converted to T3 and T4?

A

Thyroglobulin

27
Q

Canine Hypothyroidism

A

Decreased production of thyroid hormones

28
Q

What is the primary cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Autoimmune condition damaged thyroid which leads to decreased thyroxine

29
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Lethargy
Obesity
Heat Seeking behavior
Skin disorders

30
Q

How do you treat hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroid Supplement

31
Q

Feline Hyperthyroidism

A

The most common endocrine disease of older cats

32
Q

What causes hyperthyroidism?

A

A benign thyroid tumor that secretes increased T3 and T4

33
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A 
Weight loss
Increased appetite
Rapid heart rate
Poor hair coat
Vomiting 
Diarrhea
Muscle weakness
34
Q

What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism?

A

Methimazole
Surgery
Radiation therapy

35
Q

Other miscellaneous Test: Growth hormone

A

Diagnosis acromegaly or gigantism

36
Q

Other miscellaneous tests: Malassimilation

A

Maldigestive (pancreas, digestive enzymes)

Malabsorptive (intestinal)

37
Q

Other miscellaneous tests: Malassimilation four more tests

A

Monosaccharide
d-xylose absorption tests
Serum folate
Cobalamin levels

38
Q

Other miscellaneous Tests: Occult Blood

A

GI ulcers, neoplasia, parasitism

39
Q

What can the animals not eat before doing an occult blood test?

A

Eat meat three days before the test

40
Q

What tests the quality and concentration of hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid?

A

Mucin Clot Test

41
Q

How do you perform a Mucin Clot Test?

A

Arthrocentesis

42
Q

What do you mix the synovial fluid with?

A

Acetic Acid or vinegar

43
Q

What does the Mucin Clot measure?

A

The clot quality

44
Q

How do you perform the Mucin Clot test?

A

Mix gently and allow to stand for one hour

Grade the clot quality

45
Q

Good clot

A

Large, compact, ropy

46
Q

Fair clot

A

Soft clot, with slightly turbid solution

47
Q

Fair to Poor clot

A

A friable clot in a cloudy solution

48
Q

Poor clot

A

No clot but large flecks of turbid solution

Clinical Laboratory Techniques (45 decks)

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