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Clinical Laboratory Techniques > Clinical Chemistries: Pancreatic Function > Flashcards

Clinical Chemistries: Pancreatic Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of glands the pancreas has functions for?

A

Endocrine

Exocrine

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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A

uses chemical messengers to regulate organs

low concentrations of hormones have powerful effects

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3
Q

What feedback loop is the most common in the Endocrine glands?

A

Negative feedback

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4
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete digestive enzymes into ducts

Empty into body cavities or body surface

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5
Q

What are the Endocrine Function tests?

A

Glucose
Fructosamine
Glucose Tolerance
Insulin Tolerance

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6
Q

What are the Exocrine Pancreatic Function tests?

A 
Amylase
Lipase
Amylase and Lipase in Peritoneal Fluid
Trypsin
Serum Trypsinlike Immunoreactivity
Serum Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity
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7
Q

Endocrine Portion: Alpha Cells

A

Secrete glucagon

20% of cells

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8
Q

Endocrine Portion: Beta Cells

A

Secrete insulin

70% of cells

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9
Q

Endocrine Portion: Delta, Gamma, Epsilon

A

Other jobs

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10
Q

Exocrine Portion

A

Majority of pancreas size

Secretes enzymes needed for digestion into the GI tract

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11
Q

What are the digestive enzymes?

A

Trypsin
Amylase
Lipase

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12
Q

Why do we run Exocrine Pancreas Test: Amylase?

A

Breaks down starches and glycogen in sugars

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13
Q

Why do we run Exocrine Pancreas Test: Lipase?

A

Breaks down long-chain fatty acids of lipids

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14
Q

Pancreatitis

A

High-fat diets

Can be life-threatening

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15
Q

What are the symptoms in dogs?

A 
Often overweight
Painful abdomen (praying position)
Anorexia 
Fever
Lethargy
Vomiting
Hemorrhagic diarrhea
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16
Q

What are the symptoms in cats?

A

Maybe no vomiting
ADR
Anorexic
Weight loss

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17
Q

Where does Amylase come from?

A

Pancreas
Salivary glands
Small intestine

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18
Q

What is an increase in serum amylase almost always due to?

A

Pancreatitis

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19
Q

What serum levels are normal in the early stage of pancreatitis?

A

Lipase

20
Q

What happens to lipase cells as pancreatitis progresses?

A

The cells are replaced with connective tissue and cannot produce lipase

21
Q

What does a higher level of amylase and lipase in the peritoneal fluid suggest?

A

Pancreatitis

22
Q

Serum Trypsinlike Immunoreactivity

A

Detects both trypsinogen and trypsin
Test only available for dogs and cats
An important indicator of pancreatic mass

23
Q

What is only produced in the pancreas?

A

Trypsinogen

24
Q

What happens when the pancreas is injured?

A

Trypsinogen is released in the extracellular space and converted to trypsin, which diffuses into the bloodstream

25
Q

Serum Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity

A

SNAP tests in-house needs serum
Available for dogs and cats
fPLi and cPLi

26
Q

Glucagon from alpha cells

A

Raises blood glucose levels

27
Q

How does glucagon raise glucose levels?

A

By stimulating the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and by stimulating gluconeogenesis

28
Q

How does insulin from beta cells lower blood glucose levels?

A

By causing glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids to be absorbed into cells

29
Q

What stimulates the release of insulin?

A

High blood glucose

30
Q

What stimulates the release of glucagon?

A

Low blood glucose

31
Q

What regulates the secretion of insulin and glucagon?

A

Negative feedback mechanism

32
Q

What happens if the pancreas not producing enough insulin?

A

Glucose can not get into the cells so will be high in the blood

33
Q

What happens if there is too much insulin?

A

Hypoglycemia

34
Q

What is a common issue with cats that can be caused by a trip to a clinic, waiting to be seen, or having blood drawn?

A

Stress hyperglycemia

35
Q

What do you need for an accurate glucose level?

A

Need to separate plasma or serum from the red blood cells

36
Q

What happens if the plasma or serum are not separated?

A

The red blood cells continue to metabolize glucose and cause a 10% glucose drop per hour at room temperature

37
Q

What do glucagon, thyroxine, growth hormone, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids all influence?

A

Hyperglycemia

Boost blood glucose levels

38
Q

What does insulin promote?

A

Glucose influx into its target cells

39
Q

What are the normal levels of glucose?

A

80-120 mg/dL

40
Q

What happens at 250 mg/dL?

A

Glucosuria, PU/PD

41
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

The inability to produce or use insulin

42
Q

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus?

A
  1. Insulin-dependent diabetes

2. Non-Insulin dependent diabetes

43
Q

Insulin-dependent diabetes

A

Dogs and Cats

Require insulin injections to survive

44
Q

Non-Insulin dependent diabetes

A

Cats and very rare in dogs
Some cats may have transient diabetes
Diet-controlled

45
Q

What are the clinical signs of diabetes

A

PU/PD
Polyphagia
Hyperglycemia
Glucosuria

46
Q

What are the treatments for diabetes mellitus?

A

Insulin injections

Diet changes

Clinical Laboratory Techniques (45 decks)

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