Abnormal White Blood Cells Flashcards
WBC Abnormalities seen in all cells
Smudge cells/basket cells
Nuclear changes
Inclusions
What nuclear changes are seen in all cells?
Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis
Dissolution of the nuclear membrane
Pyknosis
Condensing of the nucleus as the cell dies
Karyorrhexis
Fragmentation of the nucleus after cell death
Neutrophil abnormalities
Neutrophilia/ Neutropenia Left Shift (bands)/ Hypersegmentation Morphological/Toxic changes
What are the morphological changes that can occur in neutrophils?
Pelger-Huet Abnormalities (.. over the e)
Birman Cat Granulation
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (‘ over the e)
Degenerative Left Shift
Normal to decreased neutrophil concentration
Will have more bands and immature forms than segmented neutrophils
Indicates maximal release from bone marrow in response to inflammation
Regenerative Left Shift
Leukocytosis with neutrophilia
Will have more segmented neutrophils than bands
Indicates a proper response to inflammation
What are morphologic changes often present with?
A left shift
What are the toxic changes seen in neutrophils?
Basophilia
Foaminess
Dohle bodies (.. over the o)
What do basophilic toxic changes look like
Bluer with ribosomal RNA
What does foaminess look like?
prominent lysosomes and/or organelles
What do Dohle bodies look like?
Blue-gray particles
Remnants of rough ER
What are toxic changes in neutrophils due to?
Decreased time in the bone marrow
Toxic Neutrophils
Common disease-induced cytoplasm changes in neutrophils
What are toxic neutrophils associated with?
Inflammation
Infection
Drug toxicity
When do you see toxic neutrophils in dogs?
With bacterial infections
When do you see toxic neutrophils in cats?
It is common in cats that are not severely ill
What do toxic neutrophils usually bring?
A guarded prognosis
Right Shift
Presence of more mature/aging neutrophils
Many hypersegmented neutrophils
What causes a right shift?
By the suppression of bone marrow
Morphologic Abnormalities: Pelger-Huet anomaly
Nuclear hyposegmentation
Congenital defect in cats, dogs, rabbits, horses
Wright Stain
Morphologic Abnormalities: Birman Cat Neutrophil Granulation Anomaly
Neutrophils contain fine eosinophilic to magenta granules
Inherited autosomal-recessive trait
For cats that have the Birman Cat Neutrophil Granulation Anomaly, is the neutrophil function normal
Yes and the cats are healthy
Morphologic Abnormalities: Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Neutrophils have large, fused lysosomes with the cytoplasm
Stain slightly pink to eosinophilic
What happens to animals that are affected by Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
They may bleed due to abnormal platelet formation
In animals with Chediak-Higashi syndrome can their neutrophils have a normal function?
Yes and the animals appear healthy
Although some may be more susceptible to infection
What species are affected by Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Persian cats
Cattle
Foxes
Often albino
Eosinophilic degranulation
No granules
Larger than neutrophils
Multiple, variably sized vacuoles
Agranulocyte changes: Reactive Lymphocytes
Larger
Darker cytoplasm
If there are high numbers of reactive lymphocytes what is the animal considered?
Antigenically stimulated
create antibodies
Agranulocyte changes: Plasma Cell
Differentiated B-cell producing antibodies
Abundant deep blue to blue-green cytoplasm
Agranulocyte changes: Atypical Lymphocytes
The nucleus may have clefts or indentations
not normal in high numbers
Can get confused with monocytes
Agranulocyte changes: Azurophilic Granules
multiple pink to purple granules
Contain proteins
normal in many animals
Should not be confused with parasites or viral infections
Agranulocyte changes: Lymphoblast
Immature Stage
One or more nucleolus/nucleoli
Not normal in high numbers
Indicative of extreme antigen
Monocytes
Lacking prominent vacuoles
Do not confuse with band neutrophils or atypical lymphs
Smudge cells
aka basket cells
Degenerative leukocytes that have ruptured
Parasite inclusions: Monocytes, Lymphocytes
Ehrlichia canis
E. chaffeensis
Parasite inclusions: Neutrophils, Eosinophils
Ehrlichia ewingii
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
