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Clinical Laboratory Techniques > Abnormal White Blood Cells > Flashcards

Abnormal White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

WBC Abnormalities seen in all cells

A

Smudge cells/basket cells
Nuclear changes
Inclusions

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2
Q

What nuclear changes are seen in all cells?

A

Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis

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3
Q

Karyolysis

A

Dissolution of the nuclear membrane

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4
Q

Pyknosis

A

Condensing of the nucleus as the cell dies

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5
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

Fragmentation of the nucleus after cell death

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6
Q

Neutrophil abnormalities

A 
Neutrophilia/ Neutropenia
Left Shift (bands)/ Hypersegmentation
Morphological/Toxic changes
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7
Q

What are the morphological changes that can occur in neutrophils?

A

Pelger-Huet Abnormalities (.. over the e)
Birman Cat Granulation
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (‘ over the e)

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8
Q

Degenerative Left Shift

A

Normal to decreased neutrophil concentration
Will have more bands and immature forms than segmented neutrophils
Indicates maximal release from bone marrow in response to inflammation

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9
Q

Regenerative Left Shift

A

Leukocytosis with neutrophilia
Will have more segmented neutrophils than bands
Indicates a proper response to inflammation

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10
Q

What are morphologic changes often present with?

A

A left shift

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11
Q

What are the toxic changes seen in neutrophils?

A

Basophilia
Foaminess
Dohle bodies (.. over the o)

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12
Q

What do basophilic toxic changes look like

A

Bluer with ribosomal RNA

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13
Q

What does foaminess look like?

A

prominent lysosomes and/or organelles

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14
Q

What do Dohle bodies look like?

A

Blue-gray particles

Remnants of rough ER

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15
Q

What are toxic changes in neutrophils due to?

A

Decreased time in the bone marrow

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16
Q

Toxic Neutrophils

A

Common disease-induced cytoplasm changes in neutrophils

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17
Q

What are toxic neutrophils associated with?

A

Inflammation
Infection
Drug toxicity

18
Q

When do you see toxic neutrophils in dogs?

A

With bacterial infections

19
Q

When do you see toxic neutrophils in cats?

A

It is common in cats that are not severely ill

20
Q

What do toxic neutrophils usually bring?

A

A guarded prognosis

21
Q

Right Shift

A

Presence of more mature/aging neutrophils

Many hypersegmented neutrophils

22
Q

What causes a right shift?

A

By the suppression of bone marrow

23
Q

Morphologic Abnormalities: Pelger-Huet anomaly

A

Nuclear hyposegmentation
Congenital defect in cats, dogs, rabbits, horses
Wright Stain

24
Q

Morphologic Abnormalities: Birman Cat Neutrophil Granulation Anomaly

A

Neutrophils contain fine eosinophilic to magenta granules

Inherited autosomal-recessive trait

25
Q

For cats that have the Birman Cat Neutrophil Granulation Anomaly, is the neutrophil function normal

A

Yes and the cats are healthy

26
Q

Morphologic Abnormalities: Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

A

Neutrophils have large, fused lysosomes with the cytoplasm

Stain slightly pink to eosinophilic

27
Q

What happens to animals that are affected by Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?

A

They may bleed due to abnormal platelet formation

28
Q

In animals with Chediak-Higashi syndrome can their neutrophils have a normal function?

A

Yes and the animals appear healthy

Although some may be more susceptible to infection

29
Q

What species are affected by Chediak-Higashi syndrome?

A

Persian cats
Cattle
Foxes
Often albino

30
Q

Eosinophilic degranulation

A

No granules
Larger than neutrophils
Multiple, variably sized vacuoles

31
Q

Agranulocyte changes: Reactive Lymphocytes

A

Larger

Darker cytoplasm

32
Q

If there are high numbers of reactive lymphocytes what is the animal considered?

A

Antigenically stimulated

create antibodies

33
Q

Agranulocyte changes: Plasma Cell

A

Differentiated B-cell producing antibodies

Abundant deep blue to blue-green cytoplasm

34
Q

Agranulocyte changes: Atypical Lymphocytes

A

The nucleus may have clefts or indentations
not normal in high numbers
Can get confused with monocytes

35
Q

Agranulocyte changes: Azurophilic Granules

A

multiple pink to purple granules
Contain proteins
normal in many animals
Should not be confused with parasites or viral infections

36
Q

Agranulocyte changes: Lymphoblast

A

Immature Stage
One or more nucleolus/nucleoli
Not normal in high numbers
Indicative of extreme antigen

37
Q

Monocytes

A

Lacking prominent vacuoles

Do not confuse with band neutrophils or atypical lymphs

38
Q

Smudge cells

A

aka basket cells

Degenerative leukocytes that have ruptured

39
Q

Parasite inclusions: Monocytes, Lymphocytes

A

Ehrlichia canis

E. chaffeensis

40
Q

Parasite inclusions: Neutrophils, Eosinophils

A

Ehrlichia ewingii

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Clinical Laboratory Techniques (45 decks)

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