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Clinical Laboratory Techniques > Chemical properties of urine > Flashcards

Chemical properties of urine Flashcards

1
Q

What two things are critical to keep in mind while running the dipstick?

A

Time and Temperature

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2
Q

What does pH measure?

A

H+ ion concentration

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3
Q

What species are often alkaline?

A

Herbivores

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4
Q

What species are often acidic?

A

Carnivores

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5
Q

What species can be alkaline and acidic?

A

Omnivores

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6
Q

What happens to the pH when a sample is left out?

A

Loss of CO2 and urease increase bacteria production which increases pH

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7
Q

What can pH also cause the formation of?

A

Certain types of crystals

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8
Q

Fever, acidosis, starvation, excessive muscular activity, high protein diet, and drugs cause what?

A

Acidic urine

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9
Q

Alkalosis, drugs, high fiber diet, urine retention, UTI causes what?

A

Alkaline urine

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10
Q

Does normal urine contain protein?

A

No, but can have trace amounts

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11
Q

What is proteinuria and what does it indicate?

A

Protein in the urine and indicates renal disease

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12
Q

Collection trauma, cancer, congestive heart failure, muscle exertion, convulsions, and parturition are all other causes of what?

A

Proteinuria

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13
Q

What tests can be run to detect protein in the urine?

A

Reagent strips
Sulfosalicylic Acid
Urine protein/creatine ratio

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14
Q

What does the Sulfosalicylic Acid test determine?

A

Determines urine protein levels by acid precipitation
Measures both albumin and globulins
Measures Bence Jones proteins

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15
Q

What are Bence Jones proteins?

A

Light chain proteins that pass through the glomerulus

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16
Q

What test can detect protein in very dilute urine?

A

Urine protein/creatine Ratio

17
Q

What does the urine protein/creatine ratio measure?

A

It compares the protein levels to creatine levels

It divides protein concentration by the creatine concentration

18
Q

Is a trace amount of protein in a dilute sample clinically significant?

A

Yes. It may indicate chronic renal failure

19
Q

Glucosuria or glycosuria

A

Glucose in the urine

20
Q

Where is glucose filtered through and where it is reabsorbed?

A

The glomerulus and the kidney tubules

21
Q

What causes glucosuria?

A

Diabetes mellitus, the stress in cats, renal glucosuria

22
Q

What are toxic and produce acetoacetic acid?

A

Ketones

23
Q

What does ketones cause?

A

CNS depression, and acidosis

Diabetes mellitus

24
Q

What can occur after fat is metabolized by the body for energy?

A

Ketoneuria

25
Q

What kind of bilirubin is found in urine?

A

Only conjugated bilirubin because it is water-soluble

26
Q

What causes bilirubin in the urine?

A

Bile duct obstruction, hemolytic anemia, liver disease

27
Q

What species is bilirubin in the urine not usually found in?

A

Cats, pigs, sheep, horses

28
Q

What tests for bilirubinuria?

A

Ictotest

29
Q

Is urobilinogen considered normal in a urine sample?

A

Yes.

30
Q

Hematuria

A

Intact red blood cells in urine

Red to wine color

31
Q

What is hematuria usually a sign of?

A

A disease-causing bleeding somewhere in the urogenital tract

32
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A

Free hemoglobin in urine

Red to brown

33
Q

What is indicative of hemoglobinuria?

A

A red color to the supernatant after centrifugation

The strip is positive for blood but there are no red blood cells present

34
Q

What is usually a result of intravascular hemolysis, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, incompatible blood transfusions, leptospirosis, babesiosis, heavy metal poisoning, and poisonous plants?

A

Hemoglobinuria

35
Q

Myoglobinuria

A

Myoglobin in urine

Brown to black

36
Q

What causes myoglobin to leak into the blow, pass through the glomeruli, and be excreted in the urine?

A

Severe muscle damage

37
Q

What two hormones impact urine volume?

A

Antidiuretic hormone and Aldosterone

Clinical Laboratory Techniques (45 decks)

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