Intro to Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

How do you write the genus and species of a parasite?

A

The 1st letter of the genus is capitalized
When typed, genus and species are italicized
When handwritten, Genus and species are underlined

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2
Q

Endoparasites

A

Internal parasites
Intestinal tract
Circulatory system

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3
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Live on the outside of the host’s body
External parasites
Fleas, ticks, lice

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4
Q

Definitive Host

A

Carries the adult, mature or sexually mature stage of the parasite

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5
Q

Intermediate host

A

Carries the immature parasite (larval or asexual form)
REQUIRED to complete the life cycle
Example: Mosquitos and heartworm

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6
Q

Paratenic Host

A

AKA transport host
No development of parasite occurs
Not required for the life cycle to be completed

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7
Q

Dead-end host

A

AKA incidental host and accidental host
The parasite can not be transmitted to another animal
May or may not cause disease

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8
Q

Direct Life Cycle

A

No intermediate host required for development to the infective stage

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9
Q

Indirect Life Cycle

A

An intermediate host is needed for development to the infective stage

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10
Q

Diagnostic stage

A

The stage will be detected in laboratory test

When the parasite passes from one host to the next

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11
Q

Infective stage

A

Stage of the parasite when ingested (or other routes of infection) will cause disease

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs and symptoms of a parasite infection?

A
Vomiting and diarrhea
Constipation
Anorexia
Blood in the stool
Lethargy
Anemia
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13
Q

Transmission: Ingestion

A

Fecal oral

Ingestion of an intermediate/paratenic host

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14
Q

Transmission: Vector

A

Infected via flea, mosquito, or tick bite

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15
Q

Transmission: Transdermal

A

Infected via skin penetration

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16
Q

Transmission: Transplacental

A

From mother to fetus

17
Q

Transmission: Transmammary:

A

From mother to neonate in the milk

18
Q

Prepatency Period (PPP)

A

Time from initial infection until parasite can be detected via lab tests
The shortest time that can occur

19
Q

What are the types of diagnosis for parasites

A
Feces
Cellophane tape method
Blood sample
Skin scrape
Ear swabs
20
Q

Fecal tests

A
Direct
Float
Centrifugation
Sedimentation
Baermann
21
Q

Fecal sample Guidelines

A
Fresh sample
Refrigerate if not examined within 2 hours 
Clean container
Need 1-2 teaspoons
Label
Treat all samples as zoonotic
22
Q

Direct Fecal Smears

A
  1. Simple, minimal equipment
  2. Used to quickly estimate parasite load
  3. Detect motile trophozoite protozoa and motile bacteria
  4. Used as a screening test, but not sole test
23
Q

Procedure Direct Fecal Smear

A

Mix tiny amount feces with saline

Examine on 10x for eggs and 40x for protozoa

24
Q

Concentrations Techniques

A

Either forcing ova up or down using solutions with different specific gravity

25
What are examples of concentration techniques
Standard (passive) Flotation Centrifugal Flotation Fecal Sedimentation
26
What is fecal flotation based on?
The differences in specific gravity of life cycle stages of parasites
27
What is higher in flotation solutions than in common ova?
Specific gravity
28
What happens to the ova when they encounter flotation solutions with a higher specific gravity?
They float
29
What has higher specific gravity than the flotation solutions and sink
Fluke eggs
30
What happens if the specific gravity of flotation solutions is too high?
It creates a plug of debris that traps parasites, obscuring them from view
31
What is the specific gravity of most parasites?
1.100-1.200
32
What is the specific gravity of most float solutions?
1.200-1.250
33
What are the commonly used solutions?
Sodium nitrate Sugar solution Zinc sulfate
34
What is the better flotation test?
Centrifugal flotation
35
Why is centrifugal flotation the better test?
Recovers more eggs and cysts in less time
36
What is the Baermann Technique used for?
To recover larvae (NOT OVA) from fecal samples
37
What does the Baermann Technique require?
The construction of a Baermann apparatus
38
What is the Baermann apparatus made up of?
The large funnel, tubing, collection tube
39
Non-Fecal Parasite Tests
Cellophane tape method (4x) Blood sample (heartworm, smears) Skin scrape Ear Swabs