Pharmacology Chapters 30 + 37 Flashcards
what is pharmacology
the science of research, development and manufacturing of drugs
Organic drugs are
derived from living tissues, plants/animals
marijuana is a ____ drug
organic
Inorganic drugs are
drugs synthesized in a lab
drugs found in pharmacy are an example of
inorganic drugs
what are the 3 names that identify drugs
chemical, brand, generic names
Chemical names of drugs are the
chemical formula
brand names of drugs are
the same chemical make up of generic drugs but they’re controlled by businesses with registered trade marks
generic names are
shorthand version of the chemical name, less expensive
OTC drugs are AKA
patent medicine
prescription drugs are aka
ethical drugs
when a drug is applied directly to the site its considered a
local action drug
when taken internally its considered a
systemic action drug
what are the 3 routes of drug administration
oral, topical, and transdermal
transdermal administration of a drug consists of a
patch releasing a controlled quantity
breathing in a gaseous form of a drug is considered the
inhalation route
when placing a drug under the tongue its considered a
sublingual route of administration
Subcutaneous injections enter
under the skin surface
intramuscular injections enter
directly into muscle
intradermal injections are placed
into the skin (between layers)
intravenous injections go
into a vein
q.d means
once a day
q is
every/per
b.i.d, t.i.d, q.i.d means to take a prescription __
twice a day, 3x a day, 4x a day
p.o
by mouth orally
get.
drops
p.r.n
as needed
a.c
before meals
p.c
after meals
da or daw on a prescription means
dispense as written
q.h is to take every x hours, what would q.2h mean
take every 2 hours
ut dict is to
take as directed
when storing drugs you must be aware of
exposure to air, moisture, light, temperatures, and shelf life
can an RDA phone in a prescription
no
a patient with history of drug abuse would show what symptoms
poor hygiene, bad diet, higher chance of periods infections, dry mouth, grinding, high amount or risk of caries
schedule 1 drugs are known as
illicit drugs, no medical usefulness & high potential for abuse (can’t be prescribed)
schedule 2 drugs are
high risk for abuse, limited usefulness, need a prescription - narcotics/opioids
schedule 3 drugs are
moderate analgesics, less risk for abuse. Renewable prescription
Schedule 4 drugs have a low abuse potential and
have medical usefulness, prescription can be renewed 5x/6months. (Ativan, Valium, Xanax)
schedule 5 drugs are the lowest abuse potential and
renewable prescription (mediated cough syrup, preparations for diarrhea)
which drug schedule is the most high risk
2
what are the 4 stages of drug action In the body
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
metabolizing a drug refers to
how fast the body processes and eliminates it
enteral drug route is classified as drugs entering ___
directly into the GI tract
parenteral drug route is when drugs enter __
anywhere but the GI tract
what are antibiotics used for
infection control, elimination of bacteria infections using penicillin
bactericidal antibiotics are to
kill all microorganisms and bacteria
bacteriostatic antibiotics are to
inhibit the growth of microorganisms
tetracycline is a example of __ antibiotics
bacteriostatic
when would you use a antibiotic prophylaxis
for high risk patients (heart conditions, artificial joints)
why are antibiotic prophylaxis treatments used
to prevent bacterial infections
what are common premedications given to patients
anti-anxiety, sedatives, antibiotics
What is a suprainfection
secondary infection caused by opportunistic pathogens
supra infections can be caused by what two things
prolonged use of antibiotics, or stopping antibiotics before the prescription is finished
penicillin, cephalosporins, erythromycin, tetracycline, bacitracin, cholrhexidine are all examples of
antibiotics
penicillin is a generic name for
a group of antibiotics
cephalosporins are
broad spectrum, active against gram - and gram +
the alternative typically prescribed for penicillin is
erythromycin
which antibiotic caused permanent staining of teeth if taken in the second trimester
tetracycline
tetracycline is used as a broad spectrum antibiotic to
eliminate periodontal disease bacteria
mild staining from tetracycline appears as
light yellow-brown stains
the antibiotic limited to topical application is called
bacitracin
the antibiotic that controls plaque bacteria, gingivitis, and periodontal pockets is
chorhexadine. comes in mouthwash of chip inserted in pocket
antibiotic resistance can occur when
you don’t finish out a prescription
nystatin is an anti fungal agent and is used to treat
Candida albicans or thrush
antiviral agents are used to reduce viral infection symptoms of
herpes, HIV, hepatitis
an analgesic is a
painkiller to ease pain without losing consciousness
two sub categories of analgesics
opioid and non-opioid
analgesics are also divided by strength in 3 groups
mild, moderate, strong
mild analgesics are bought ____ and __ is a brand name example
over the counter, Tylenol
Aspirin is a mild analgesic and a ____ meaning it reduces fevers
antipyretic
codeine is mixed with mild analgesics in order to
increase the effects of the codeine
are mild analgesics opioids or nonopioids
nonopioids
risks of aspirin
blood thinning, stomach irritation, allergy, curing of oral mucosa
Moderate analgesics are to control moderate pain, they’re mixed with a __ to increase effects
mild analgesic
Strong analgesics are opioids with a high risk of
physical and psychological dependance
Vasoconstrictors are used to
constrict blood vessels and decrease blood flow. They are added to anesthetics to slow down absorption time
epinephrine is considered a
vasoconstrictor
vasoconstrictors cannot be used if the patient has any type of ___
heart conditions
Vasodialators are used to widen blood vessels to
ease workload of the heart for patients with chest pain like angina
Anticoagulants are used in patients with heart conditions/risk of stoke in order to
prevent blood clots
heparin, warfarin are examples of
anticoagulants
what can anticoagulants not be combined with
blood thinners
antipyretic agents are used to
reduce fevers
what reduces inflammation and surpasses immune systems
corticosteroids
Hemostatic agents are used to
control bleeding in a targeted area (dressings like gel foam)
hemostatic agents can be used on ___ wounds
dry socket
what are the 2 types of sedation in dentistry
conscious sedation and unconscious sedation
general anaesthesia is __ sedation
unconscious
local anesthesia is __ sedation
conscious (freezing)
intravenous sedation provides minimal level of consciousness but enough to maintain a
airway
Nitrous oxide is a
inhalation conscious sedation
what color cylinder does nitrous come in
blue cylinder
what is the scavenger system
prevents gas escaping into atmosphere
nitrous oxide effects are reversible with the administration of
oxygen
nasal obstruction is a contraindication of
inhalation sedation
4 stages of general anesthesia
analgesia, excitement, general anesthesia and respiratory failure
stage 2 and 4 of general anesthesia are
Undesirable
Topical anesthesia needs ___ minutes to reach full effectiveness
1-2 minutes
what has greater concentration topical or local
topical
local anesthetic is a
injection the temporarily numbs a specific area
how is local anesthetic reversed
by metabolizing
vasoconstrictors in anesthetics come in a ratio, the smaller the ratio the ___ the concentration of vasoconstrictor
higher
injections for anesthetic are based on location and ____ of the nerves
innervation
Block injections are used on the mandible to
freeze the entire branch of nerve (whole arch)
infiltration injections are used on the ___ and only effect ___
maxilla, a small portion of the arch/quadrant
freezing of one tooth is called
local infiltration
freezing of 2-3 teeth is called
field block injection
Long needles are used for block injections on mandible and are ___ in length
1 5/8ths inch
short needles are for infiltration of maxilla and are ___ in length
1 inch
the cap of needles is called a
needle guard
gauge of a needle refers to the
thickness
the larger the gauge number the
thinner the needle
lumen is the
hollow centre of needle
should you use a anesthetic cartridge if its been frozen
no
the rubber diaphragm is inserted into the syringe towards the
needle head
induction means
the length of time from injection to start of effects
duration is
length of time from induction to reversal complete
short acting local anesthetic is ___ minutes of freezig
30
long acting local is ___ mins of freezing
90
intermediate acting local is ___ mins of freezing
60
aspiration is the
pulling back of needle
why do you aspirate a needle prior to pushing it
the check you’re not in a blood vessel
the piston of a needle syringe has what on the end of it
a harpoon for aspirating
nasopalatine nerve block innervates which teeth through the incisive foramen
the front 6, anteriors
the greater palatine block nerve innervates the
posterior maxillary teeth
ASA innervates the
1, 2, 3 of quads 1 and 2
MSA innervates the
4,5,6 of quads 1 and 2
PSA innervates the
6, 7, 8 of quads 1 and 2
indications is the
anesthesia of one or two maxillary teeth and tissue
inferior alveolar neve and lingual nerve block is injected at the
depression distal to retromolar pad
buccal nerve block is injected at the
distal buccal of last molar
mental and incisive nerve block is injected between
4 and 5 in mental foramen on buccal side
what is parasthesia
persistent anesthesia, numbness lasts past when it should
the end of the needle is called the
bevel
