Dental Radiology - Landmarks, Digital, + Film Processing (3)

Question 1

What is digital imaging

Answer 1

the filmless imaging system

Question 2

How are sensors used for digital imaging

Answer 2

sensors obtain the image and directly transfer it to a computer with imaging software to display and modify

Question 3

Digital imaging produces images that are

Answer 3

better than or equivalent to traditional intra oral radiographs

Question 4

How does digital imaging reduce exposure

Answer 4

the sensors are more sensitive to radiation, and there is less chance of retakes being needed due to ability to modify

Question 5

process of digital imaging

Answer 5

exposure to xradiation > electronic charge on sensor > travels through fiberoptic cord> digitized and presented instantly on screen

Question 6

do you use the same placement techniques with digital sensors as you would traditional film

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

the only thing that differs film from sensors is the

Answer 7

process of image production

Question 8

ADC

Answer 8

analog digital converter

Question 9

are the film sizes different for digital vs traditional

Answer 9

no

Question 10

exposure times for sensors are ___ % less than film

Answer 10

50-90%

Question 11

2 types of Digital imaging

Answer 11

direct and indirect

Question 12

what is the difference of direct and indirect digital imaging

Answer 12

direct is sent instantly to the computer, indirect still has to be scanned into the computer with a separate machine

Question 13

2 types of direct imaging

Answer 13

charge couple device (ccd) and complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (cmos)

Question 14

CCD

Answer 14

charge couple device

Question 15

CMOS

Answer 15

complimentary metal oxide semiconductor

Question 16

APS

Answer 16

active pixel sensor

Question 17

CMOS is aka

Answer 17

APS

Question 18

what does a CCD do

Answer 18

releases electrons from silicon and produces electronic charge to create a latent image that is transferred and visible on a computer

Question 19

CCD is a

Answer 19

solid state detector with a silicon chip and electric current embedded inside

Question 20

How are images from a ccd made

Answer 20

with pixels forming arrangements on sensor

Question 21

CMOS are similar to CCD but have one difference being

Answer 21

how the pixels are read

Question 22

CMOS are claimed to have___

Answer 22

25% better resolution, low production cost, and durability compared to ccd

Question 23

barriers must be used with all ___

Answer 23

digital sensors

Question 24

Indirect digital imaging is

Answer 24

obtaining a digital image from film/sensor after exposure by running it through a scanner to convert data to digital format

Question 25

phosphoric plates are a form of __

Answer 25

indirect digital imaging

Question 26

what equipment do you need for indirect imaging

Answer 26

xray, psp plates, scanner, computer w/ software

Question 27

2 types of indirect imaging

Answer 27

scanning traditional radiographs(with CCD camera and computer) and storage phosphor imaging (PSP)

Question 28

what would the process of infection control be for scanning plates

Answer 28

gloves while removing and disinfecting plate, placed into transfer tray once clean, transferred to scanner with clean hands, new gloves on to put through scanner

Question 29

Phosphor plates with immediately __ the image unless otherwise chosen

Answer 29

erase

Question 30

how is a phosphor plate cleared after scanning

Answer 30

with a bright beam of light

Question 31

Instant images are produced by

Answer 31

CCD and CMOS

Question 32

Laser scanners are used on

Answer 32

phosphor plates

Question 33

digital radiography is overall a ___ option

Answer 33

better, if applicable

Question 34

film processing is the

Answer 34

steps needed to produce a permanent visible image on a radiograph

Question 35

processing converts latent image to

Answer 35

visible

Question 36

Steps of processing are

Answer 36

developer, rinse, fixer, wash, dry

Question 37

development is to

Answer 37

reduce the exposed silver halide crystals

Question 38

reduction is the

Answer 38

halide portion of exposed crystals are removed

Question 39

rinsing between developer and fixer is necessary to

Answer 39

remove excess developer to stop process that develops shades of grey

Question 40

fixing is to

Answer 40

remove unexposed radiopaque (white) crystals

Question 41

elon is a ingredient in developer that helps

Answer 41

generate shades of grey

Question 42

developers have what 4 ingredients

Answer 42

developing agent, preservative, accelerator, restrainer

Question 43

you only rinse between fixer and developer when ___ processing

Answer 43

manually processing

Question 44

what 4 ingredients are in fixer

Answer 44

fixing agent, preservative, hardening agent, acidifier

Question 45

developer has a __ pH

Answer 45

basic

Question 46

fixer has a __ pH

Answer 46

acidic

Question 47

what kind of light is used when processing in a dark room

Answer 47

a safe light, red or orange

Question 48

a safelight must be __ watts or less and at least __ ft away from machine

Answer 48

7 watts, 4 ft

Question 49

optimum temp of solution for Manuel processing is

Answer 49

68 f

Question 50

after agitating solution, how long do you place film in developer

Answer 50

4.5 - 5 mins

Question 51

after removing film from developer and agitating, you rinse for ___ and place in fixer for ___

Answer 51

20-30 sec rinse, 10 mins in fixer

Question 52

film is washed for __ minutes after taken out of the fixer

Answer 52

10 mins

Question 53

_ and _ are controlled when automatic processing

Answer 53

time and temp

Question 54

automatic processing is

Answer 54

less time, less equipment, less space

Question 55

film in hot solution for too long results in a

Answer 55

dark film density

Question 56

film in cold solution for not enough time results in a

Answer 56

light and bright film

Question 57

reticulation is

Answer 57

pebbly web like appearance

Question 58

why does reticulation occur

Answer 58

when moving film from a hot to cold environment or vice versa

Question 59

dark spots are a result of

Answer 59

developer on film prior to processing

Question 60

light spots are due too

Answer 60

fixer on film prior to processing

Question 61

light brown yellow stains are due to

Answer 61

not enough washing time

Question 62

white spots (radiopaque air bubbles) are due to

Answer 62

failure to agitate the film

Question 63

overlapping images

Answer 63

fed into processor to fast

Question 64

dark lines on film are from

Answer 64

dirty rollers

Question 65

scratched film can be from

Answer 65

dirty rollers or incorrect handling

Question 66

what is a fingernail artifact on film

Answer 66

a black cresent mark from operators fingernail

Question 67

static electricity creates a

Answer 67

line/dot/branch/lightning bolt pattern due friction from removing to fast

Question 68

fingerprint artifacts are created when

Answer 68

contaminated fingers touch film or wet film is handled

Question 69

what is debris accumulation

Answer 69

dirt and dust accumulated on digital sensors from being improperly cared for

Question 70

light leaks appear

Answer 70

black

Question 71

fogged film appears

Answer 71

grey and lacking detail

Question 72

what causes fogged film

Answer 72

expired film, hot developer, improper storage

Question 73

overlapped contacts are due to

Answer 73

incorrect horizontal angulation

Question 74

elongation occurs due to

Answer 74

not enough vertical angulation

Question 75

foreshortened images are due to

Answer 75

to much vertical angulation

Question 76

creasing or bent film appears as a

Answer 76

radiolucent (for film) or white (for PSP) lines on film

Question 77

cone cuts occur when

Answer 77

the pid is not centred on the film

Question 78

on digital film cone cuts appear

Answer 78

white and bright

Question 79

on film cone cuts appear

Answer 79

clear

Question 80

double exposed film is when

Answer 80

film is exposed twice without clearing, causing two images to appear

Question 81

how do you handle film when mounting

Answer 81

with clean bare hands only touching the edges

Question 82

what do you label a film mount with

Answer 82

patient name, dentist name, date of exposure, operators initials

Question 83

anatomic order is

Answer 83

how the teeth are arranged within the arches

Question 84

bone, enamel and dentin all appear

Answer 84

radiopaque

Question 85

pulp, periodontal ligaments appear

Answer 85

radiolucent

Question 86

gold, amalgam, composite and porcelain all appear

Answer 86

radiopaque

Question 87

RCT appear as a ___ going down the roots

Answer 87

radiopaque

Question 88

composite appears less radiopaque but still __ then enamel

Answer 88

darker

Question 89

porcelain fused to metal crowns appear as a ___ with a radiopaque centre

Answer 89

radiolucent outline

Question 90

parallel bone loss is the bone moving ___

Answer 90

downward of root

Question 91

vertical/angular bone loss appears as a

Answer 91

dip in the bone away from one tooth

Question 92

vertical/angular bone loss also creates a ___

Answer 92

deep pocket in gingiva

Question 93

anterior nasal spine is located

Answer 93

above the incisive foramen

Question 94

the split between the central incisors is known as the

Answer 94

incisive fossa/foramen

Question 95

the nasal spine is located above the

Answer 95

nasal septum

Question 96

the nasal septum is above the

Answer 96

central incisor root tips

Question 97

median palatine suture is in line with the

Answer 97

incisive foramen between centrals

Question 98

the nasal fossa is the fully ___ spaces next to nasal septum

Answer 98

radiolucent (black)

Question 99

Between the nasal septum and the median palatine suture are the

Answer 99

nasal fossa and anterior nasal spine

Question 100

the soft tissue shadow of the nose appears as a

Answer 100

light grey line below root at crown

Question 101

the mental ridge is located on the

Answer 101

external side of the mandible under premolars and incisors, appears as a radiopaque band

Question 102

mental fossa is radiolucent and appears above the

Answer 102

mental ridge

Question 103

the mental foramen appears as a radiolucency in the

Answer 103

mandibular premolar region

Question 104

the mandibular canal appears as a ___ band outlined by ___ lines below the molars

Answer 104

radiolucent band outlines by radiopaque lines

Question 105

mylohyoid ridge is aka

Answer 105

the internal oblique ridge

Question 106

where is the mylohyoid ridge located

Answer 106

from third molar down and forward to second premolar

Question 107

submandibular fossa is located below the

Answer 107

mylohyoid ridge