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dental assisting mda > Dental Radiography - History & Physics (1) > Flashcards

Dental Radiography - History & Physics (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the father of xrays

A

willhelm Roentgen

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2
Q

when were X-rays first discovered

A

in 1895

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3
Q

The X in xrays was used to name them due to

A

their unknown nature

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4
Q

Dr Otto walkhoff took the

A

first dental X-ray (on himself) in 1896

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5
Q

dr otto walkhoff subjected himself to how many minutes of radiation on one xray

A

25 minutes

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6
Q

Dr c Edmund kells was the first to

A

take a dental xray on a patient in 1896

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7
Q

The first hot cathode xray tube was developed by

A

William d Coolidge

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8
Q

Ionizing radiation can

A

remove elections from atoms

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9
Q

nonionizing radiation is able to ___ but docent have enough energy to

A

can heat things but not enough energy to remove electrons

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10
Q

Radiation is

A

energy carried by waves of a stream of particles through space or matter

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11
Q

X-radiation is

A

high energy radiation from the collision of electrons on a metal target in xray tubes

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12
Q

Xradiation is AKA

A

ionizing electromagnetic radiation

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13
Q

An Xray is known as a

A

beam of energy with power to penetrate through objects and record the shadows on a image receptor

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14
Q

what is radiology

A

the study of radiation in medicine

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15
Q

A radiograph is a

A

image produced on a receipt by exposing it to ionizing radiation

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16
Q

radiography is the art and science of

A

making radiographs through exposure

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17
Q

ALARA

A

as low as reasonably achievable

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18
Q

alara is in place to

A

protect everyone and reduce exposure as much as possible without compromising the need for diagnostic records

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19
Q

a radiation protection officer can only be the dentist and is responsible for

A

safe practice, ensures safety of equipment, and proper operation of it

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20
Q

Matter is known as

A

anything occupying space and has a shape or form

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21
Q

atoms are

A

basic form of matter containing energy

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22
Q

sub atomic particles make up

A

an atom (electrons, protons, neutrons)

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23
Q

molecules are

A

atom groupings - smallest particle of a substance that retains original state

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24
Q

Capacity to do work is

A

energy

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25
Q

energy can’t be destroyed or created but it can

A

change form

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26
Q

the central nucleus is composed of

A

protons and neutrons

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27
Q

electrons are negativley charged and ___ the nucleus

A

orbiting

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28
Q

Nuclear binding energy is responsible for

A

holding the nucleus together

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29
Q

electron shells are located where

A

a specific distance from the nucleus and each shell represents a different energy level

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30
Q

Shell L is the ___ and has the __ energy level

A

closest, energy

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31
Q

what is designated by letters l,m,n,o,p,q

A

electron shells

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32
Q

Mass number is

A

protons + neutrons

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33
Q

equal protons and neutrons are the

A

atomic number

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34
Q

Attraction between protons and electrons is the

A

electrostatic force

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35
Q

centrifugal force is what

A

pulls electrons away from nucleus

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36
Q

the balance of electrostatic force and centrifugal force keeping electrons in orbit is known as

A

biding energy

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37
Q

Radioactivity is the process of

A

unstable atoms undergoing spontaneous disintegration in order to become balanced

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38
Q

what is an ion

A

an atom that has gained or lost an electron

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39
Q

are ions electrically balanced

A

no

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40
Q

Ionization is the

A

production of ions / process if converting atoms to

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41
Q

if an atom gains a extra election it is now considered

A

more negative

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42
Q

what are the two types/categorys of ionizing radiation

A

particulate and electromagnetic

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43
Q

particulate ionizing radiation is

A

tiny particles (with mass) travelling in a straight line at high speeds

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44
Q

there are two sub types of particulate radiation called

A

beta particles and cathode rays

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45
Q

beta particles are

A

electrons from nucleus of radioactive atoms

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46
Q

a cathode ray is composed of

A

high speed electrons travelling from an xray tube

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47
Q

ionizing electromagnetic radiation is a

A

wavelike energy with no mass, travelling through space or matter

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48
Q

can electromagnetic radiation be ionizing or nonionzing

A

yes

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49
Q

photons make up

A

ionizing electromagnetic radiation

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50
Q

photons travel at the speed of light in a

A

straight line with a wavelike motion

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51
Q

do photons have mass

A

no

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52
Q

wave concept has 3 parts, what are they

A

velocity, wavelength, frequency

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53
Q

velocity is the

A

speed of the wave

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54
Q

wavelength is the

A

distance between the crests of two waves

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55
Q

what does wavelength determine

A

the energy and penetrating power of a ray

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56
Q

the shorter the wavelength, ____ penetrating power and energy

A

higher

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57
Q

frequency is the

A

number of waves that pass a certain point in a given time

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58
Q

a short wavelength results in a __ frequency

A

high

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59
Q

mA

A

milliamperage

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60
Q

mA is in control of

A

the quantity of electrons that are produced

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61
Q

mA is the electrical current coming from the

A

cathode - regulates temp of filament for production of electrons

62
Q

What 3 factors impact density and contrast

A

mA, kVp, exposure time

63
Q

What is the recommended setting of mA

A

7-15 mA, 10 is most common

64
Q

increasing the mA will make the density ___

A

darker - less contrast

65
Q

kV or kVp

A

kilovoltage

66
Q

kVp controls the

A

quality of an xray beam (wave length size)

67
Q

voltage rate for kVp

A

70-90 kVp

68
Q

kV controls how ___ electrons move from the cathode to anode

A

fast

69
Q

the faster an electron moves to anode the ___ the wavelength

A

shorter

70
Q

a quality wave length is a

A

short wavelength

71
Q

the speed of electrons is controlled by adjusting the

A

kVp

72
Q

the amount of electrons is controlled by adjusting the

A

mA

73
Q

if more electrons are produced the more wavelengths are produced leading to a ___ image

A

darker

74
Q

if an image comes out to dense (dark) you would adjust the ___ to make it lighter and have more contast

A

mA

75
Q

if adjustments to kVp and mA don’t fix the image you would check what next

A

the machine it self, could’ve been bumped and knocked out of place or broken

76
Q

MPD

A

maximum permissible dose

77
Q

what’s the MPD for a worker

A

0.05 sv

78
Q

for a pregnant worker the MPD is

A

2 msv

79
Q

low contrast images would show lots of

A

grey shades

80
Q

high contrast images would be primarily __

A

black and white shades

81
Q

why would you increase the mA when taking xrays on a heavier person

A

the density of the individual effects the penetrating power of a beam - needs more to get through

82
Q

the step down transformer sends low voltage electricity into the

A

cathode only

83
Q

bremsstrahlung radiation is

A

breaking radiation - sudden stop of electrons when they hit the target

84
Q

Exposure is measured in impulses/second - how Many impulses in 1 second

A

60 impulses per second

85
Q

exposure time is the

A

interval of time in which xrays are produced

86
Q

longer exposure time results in more waves created making the image

A

darker

87
Q

if you increase the exposure time, you would need to do what to the kVp and mA

A

decrease both to compensate, and vice versa if shorter time

88
Q

what factors effect the exposure time

A

length of PID, type of receptor, age of patient, type of tissue

89
Q

if the PID is longer, you would have to increase what to compensate for the distance

A

exposure settings would need to increase

90
Q

intensity is a combination of

A

quality and quantity

91
Q

an ampere is

A

measurement of electrons flowing through cathode

92
Q

TRD

A

target to receptor distance (longest)

93
Q

TOD

A

target to object (tooth) distance

94
Q

TSD

A

target to surface distance (skin)

95
Q

Primary radiation is

A

the beam produced by target that exits tubehead

96
Q

secondary radiation is

A

created when it interacts with soft tissue

97
Q

scatter radiation

A

result of beam deflecting from path due to interaction with matter

98
Q

background radiation

A

from normal objects (phones)

99
Q

leakage radiation

A

produced by machines due to fault

100
Q

how long is a quality assurance log book kept

A

6 years

101
Q

a tubehead is equipped with what 3 things for patient protection

A

aluminum disks, lead collimater, PID

102
Q

how much aluminum filtration is needed for a 70 kvp machine

A

1.5 mm

103
Q

if machine is operating above 70 kvp how much filtration is needed

A

2.5mm

104
Q

lead collimators are responsible for

A

restricting the size of the beam exiting

105
Q

lead collar is only used for which type of xray

A

inta oral only

106
Q

what is the fastest intra oral film

A

F speed film (insight)

107
Q

what is used to prevent hand exposure to radiation

A

a film holding device

108
Q

how far must you stand while xray in progress

A

3m or 9ft

109
Q

asepsis protocol in radiology

A

all equipment must be disinfected after each patient, and barriers used when possible
film holders are sterilized after each use
universal standard precuations

110
Q

cumulative effect

A

radiation can cause damage that is irreversible and tissues don’t return

111
Q

latent period is

A

the time between exposure and symptoms

112
Q

total dose

A

amount of radiation absorbed

113
Q

direct theory is damage occurring from radiation that

A

directly hits critical areas of cell

114
Q

indirect theory is xray energy that

A

absorbs within a cell and causes toxin formation

115
Q

what is the most sensitive cells

A

blood forming tissues (bone marrow)

116
Q

erythema

A

radiation dermatitis, red rash

117
Q

short term effects are

A

acute

118
Q

long term effects are chronic and

A

are associated with small amounts of radiation in long periods of time

119
Q

genetic effects damage

A

reproductive cells (ova and sperm)

120
Q

somatic effects are damage to tissues not inherited and repair within

A

24 hours

121
Q

the risk of damage to bone marrow cells is

A

development of leukaemia

122
Q

extra oral xrays are

A

panoramic

123
Q

intraoral xrays are

A

with tubehead

124
Q

electrodes are

A

cathode and anode

125
Q

why is the xray tube vacuum sealed

A

to allow electrons to flow with minimal resistance between electrodes

126
Q

the cathode has 2 main components

A

the tungsten filament and molybdenum cup

127
Q

the molybdenum cup is for

A

forcing electrons into a narrow beam towards anode

128
Q

tungsten filament produces

A

electrons with heat

129
Q

the anode has 2 components

A

the tungsten target and copper stem

130
Q

the tungsten target is incasing a copper stem to

A

dissipate heat of the target

131
Q

99% of electrons produced by cathode are converted into

A

heat

132
Q

only 1% of electrons will

A

hit the target and become waves

133
Q

central ray

A

xrays at the center of beam through collimater

134
Q

melting point of tungsten is

A

3422 c

135
Q

what shape is never used for PID’s

A

square

136
Q

SI

A

systeme internationale

137
Q

what kind of rays are the most dangerous

A

gamma rays

138
Q

what is the radiation pattern at the skin that should now be exceeded

A

2.75” or 7cm

139
Q

Penumbra

A

a blurred or indistinct area surrounding an image

140
Q

primary radiation is the most …

A

penetrating form of radiation

141
Q

scatter radiation is a form of

A

secondary radiation - created by beam interacting with matter

142
Q

a sensor is a __ with a chip and electrical current

A

solid state image receptor

143
Q

what is the focal spot of the anode

A

the tungsten target

144
Q

the step down transformer is responsible for

A

decreasing the voltage that is coming into the tube head from the extension arm. from 220>110>5>3 volts

145
Q

how many volts are used to heat tungsten filament

A

3-5

146
Q

thermionic emission is the

A

release of electrons from tungsten filament

147
Q

radiolucent structures appear

A

dark on a radiograph

148
Q

why do radiolucent structures appear dark

A

because radiation can easily pass through them

149
Q

radioplaque structures appear how on a radiograph

A

white or light grey

150
Q

why do radioplaque structures appear white or light grey

A

because radiation does now easily pass through them

151
Q

the energy of a photon is knows as ___

A

quality

dental assisting mda (35 decks)

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