Med Emergency Chapter 27,29,31 Flashcards
what are the 4 vital signs
pulse rate, respiration, temperature, blood pressure
Factors that influence vital signs are
emotional and physical influences
what is an emotional influence
stress or fear
Illness, eating, drinking, rushing, and exercise are examples of
physical influences
A normal pulse rate for adults and kids 10+ is
60-100 beats per minute
70-130 bmp is average for what age group
kids 1-10
from birth to age 1 normal pulse rate is considered
100-150 bpm
Tachycardia is
increased heart rate
Bradycardia is
decreased heart rate
What are the 3 characteristics of pulse rate
rate, rhythm, volume
The number of beats during counting period is the
rate of pulse
Rhythm is the
pattern of beats (skipping, slowing, fast)
The force of a heart beat is called
volume (strong or weak)
what 3 areas is pulse typically taken
radial artery, brachial artery, and carotid artery
The artery most commonly used in dentistry for pulse rate is the
radial artery
The brachial artery is also known as the
antecubital area
Which finger should never be used to measure a pulse
your thumb, it has its own “heartbeat”
The strongest pulse site is the ___ but it is the last to be checked in an emergency
the carotid artery
what is respiration
the supply of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide
normal adult respiration values are
10-20 breaths a minute
child respiration values are
18-30 breaths a minute
when determining respiration you
observe rate, rhythm, depth and quality of breath
Males breathe primarily from
abdomen (diaphragm)
females breathe primarily from
the costal space (chest)
Apnea is
the absence of breath
Painful/ difficult breathing is called
dyspnea
hyperphonea is the
increase in respiration (hyperventilation)
rales are the sounds of
bubbling, rattling and crackling when breathing
What is temperature
the degree of hotness or coldness of internal body
the balance of heat produced and lost/ process of physical and chemical changes in heat production is the
metabolism
Normal oral temp range is
37C or 98.6F
tympanic and rectal readings are how much higher
0.5-1 F or 0.3-0.6C than oral
axillary and forehead readings are how much lower
0.5-1F or 0.3-0.6C than oral
what controls temperature
the hypothalamus
what are the 4 types of thermometers
glass, digital, tympanic, and temporal scanner
Rectal and axillary readings take how long to measure
5 and 10 minutes
the fastest readings are completed by the
tympanic thermometer, takes 2 seconds
a digital thermometer is the most convenient but can be inaccurate if
the battery is low
temperatures are higher during what time of day
mid afternoon
temp is lower during
sleep and early morning
factors that have an impact on temp include
time of day, pathological state, temp increase, and unusual decrease
less circulation leads to a lower metabolism which creates a
low temperature
what is the medulla oblongata
control centre of the brain, controls pulse, BP, and respiration (NOT TEMP)
What are goosebumps
small contractions of muscles to create heat
Sweat glands dilate in order to
release sweat to cool the body
blood pressure is the
labor the heart exerts to pump blood through the body
systolic pressure creates a sharp tap and is the
highest pressure exerted (left ventricle)
diastolic pressure creates a soft tap and is the
heart muscles at rest (right atrium)
BP is measured in
Millimeters or mercury (MM HG)
Normal BP value is
less than 120/80 (maybe 130)
hypertension
high bp
hypotension
low bp
what is a sphygmomanometer
the cuff and gauge
prehypertension values would be
120-139/ 80-89
hypertension could result in
no treatment until investigated
hypertension stage one starts at
139-159/89-99
what are korotkoff sounds
systole and diastole (soft and sharp taps)
how many phases of korotkoff sounds are there
5 phases
Arrythmia is
irregularity in rhythm
when taking BP its important to
make sure arm is heart level and supported, cuff centered 2 inches above bend and inline with bracial artery.
a fetid odour is a foul smell indicating
lung, bronchial, digestive infection
acetone breath is sweet and fruity indicating
diabetes
ammonia breath indicates
kidney problems
the smell of alcohol indicates
patient has been drinking
when checking emergency kits it is done how often
routinely for the kit, weekly for expiry dates, and daily for oxygen
an oxygen cylinder is what color
green
what are the steps in prepping oxygen systems
- check cylinder
- clear the valve
- attach regulator
- open cylinder and check pressure (OVER 200PSI)
- attach delivery device
what are the 3 steps to administer oxygen
- turn on and adjust flow
- Verify flow (hissing noise)
- Place delivery device on patient
Nasal cannulas deliver how much oxygen
1-6 LPM
face masks deliver how much oxygen
6-15 LPM
non breather masks deliver how much oxygen
10-15 LPM
BVM devices deliver how much oxygen
15 LPM or more
What medicines are in an emergency kit
nitroglycerin, antihistamines, epinephrine, glucose tabs, bronchodialator
Tools of an emergency kit are
pocket mask, ammonia inhalant, plastic syringes, atropine
When do life threatening emergencies typically occur in a dental office
right after or during anesthetic is being administered
Bronchospasm is a
partial obstruction of the airway, treat with bronchodilator
An asthma attack is the narrowing of
bronchioles, treat with inhaler
Obstructed airways cause what symptoms
ineffective coughs, and high pitch breathing or silence
Snoring noises during an obstruction typically means
pharynx is partially obstructed by tongue or palate (Anaphylactic)
Gurgling noises indicate
fluid or object is blocking the airway
crowing noises indicate a
laryngeal spasm
What indicates an airway is totally obstructed
complete silence, and grasping of throat
Erythemia is
redness
edema is
swelling
urticaria is
hives
breathing into cupped hands can alleviate symptoms of
hyperventilation by increasing co2 supply
what is angina pectoris
the decrease in blood flow and narrowing of arteries causing pain
what differs angina from a heart attack
the pain subsides in 3-5 minutes with use or nitroglycerin
how do you treat an angina attack
seat patient at 45 degree angle, supply 100% O2 and give nitroglycerin sublingually, if no improvement in 3-5 give 2nd dose, repeat up to 3X total
what are the 4 forms of nitroglycerin
patch, spray, tablet, injection
what is congestive heart failure
the heart is weak and unable to properly pump blood through the body
diuretics are used to eliminate ___ during ____
fluid, congestive heart failure
dental damns, throat packing and HVE are used to
prevent obstructions
a heart attack is caused by
blocked or narrowed arteries
what are symptoms of a heart attack
pain at sternum and left arm radiating to chest, elephant on the chest
Victims are typically in denial when experiencing a
heart attack
what does CPR stand for
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
the ABCD’s of life support stand for
airway, breathing, circulation, defibrillator
how many compressions/minute when preforming cpr
80-100
should you remove dentures when performing cpr
no unless they’re loose
what is the other name for a stroke
cerebrovascular accident ( CVA)
the interruption of blood flow to the brain is known as a
stroke
fainting is also known as
syncope
the most common medical emergency in a dental office is
syncope
syncope occurs when BP drops below
70
what does AED stand for
automatic external defibrillator
Cyanosis is
the blueish tint to skin due to poor circulation
how do you treat a fainting patient
put them in trendelenburg position and if that docent help administer ammonia inhalant
what is trendelenburg
sub supine position, head below feet
supine position is
flat horizontal
what position can you put a pregnant person in for comfort
they can lay on they’re left side or we can prop up the right side with a blanket
diabetes mellitus is when
the body can’t properly store glucose
type 1 diabetes is
more severe, insulin dependant, hereditary
type 2 diabetes is
not insulin dependant, can be controlled with hyperglycaemic drugs/diet
thirst, increased urination, pain, loss of appetite are symptoms of
type 2 diabetes
Hyperglycemia is
too much blood sugar (need insulin)
Hypoglycemia is
to little blood sugar (needs glucose)
symptoms of hyperglycaemia is
acetone, warm dry skin and mouth, rapid but weak pulse
symptoms of hypoglycaemia is
nervous, confused, cold sweats, hunger, personality changes, trembling, weakness
what are the two types of seizures
grand Mal and petite Mal sezuires
Petite mal seizures last 10-15 seconds and
patient has a dazed blank look with twitchy eyelids
Grand Mal seizures can last 3-5 minutes and
result in jerky stiff movements and or unconciousness
a seizure is a
abnormal electrical discharge of nerve cells
how do dentists control minor gingival bleeding
epinephrine (vasoconstrictor)
what are 4 clotting aids
oxygel, gel foam, surgicel, tannic acid
oxygel is
oxidized regenerated cellulose
what is an avulsed tooth
a tooth that’s been knocked out of the socket
how would you transport a avulsed tooth
wrap in gauze and place in cheek, or place in glass of milk
how long do you have to reimplant a avulsed tooth
30 minutes
an abcessed tooth is a
infection of the tooth/socket
alveolitis is
dry socket
how do you treat alveolitis
rinse with saline, iodoform dressing placed inside socket
does a broken prosthesis cause pain
not typically
when would a loose crown cause pain
if pulp is exposed or restoration has sharp edges
what is Alzheimer’s
progressive mental deterioration
mild memory loss, leading to loss of ability is
Alzheimer’s
what is the antecubital fossa
the triangular area between upper arm and forearm (elbow crease)
angalesics are
for pain management, pain killers
a pulse oximeter measures
o2 in blood
what is a medical emergency
the acute illness or injury posing risk to overall health
