Pathoma: Lower Urinary Tract Carcinoma

Question 1

The most common type of lower urinary tract carcinoma is ___________.

Answer 1

urothelial carcinoma

Question 2

The most common location for urinary tract carcinoma is ___________.

Answer 2

the bladder

Question 3

What are three carcinogens known to cause urothelial carcinoma?

Answer 3

Azo dyes
Naphthylamine
Cyclophosphamide (long term use)

Question 4

The classic presentation of urothelial carcinoma is ___________.

Answer 4

painless hematuria in an older adult

Question 5

What are two kinds of urothelial carcinoma?

Answer 5

Flat: starts high grade; invades; frequent early p53 mutations
Papillary: starts low grade; blood vessel covered with a fibrous cap covered with epithelium

Question 6

Urothelial cancers often __________.

Answer 6

recur

Question 7

_________ carcinoma can often develop from metaplasia of the bladder lining.

Answer 7

Squamous

Question 8

What are risk factors for squamous carcinoma of the bladder?

Answer 8

Schistosoma hematobium
Chronic cystitis
Smoking
Long-standing nephrolithiasis

Question 9

Why is adenocarcinoma of the bladder associated with urachal remnants?

Answer 9

Because there usually isn’t glandular tissue in the bladder