Pathoma: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Flashcards
FEV and FVC decrease in COPD, but _______ decreases more.
FEV
What does “pseudostratified” mean?
Pseudostratified epithelium looks stratified, but all of the cells touch the basement membrane.
In the respiratory epithelium, the mucinous glands are _______ to the blood vessels.
deep
In the Reid index, the mucus glands should not normally account for more than ______ percent of the wall.
40%
The respiratory lamina propria contain _______ to moisten the airways.
dilated venules
Describe the pathogenesis of cor pulmonale.
Lung disease leads to hypoxemia in the pulmonary vessels. That hypoxemia leads to vasoconstriction which increases pulmonary vascular resistance. Increased vascular resistance leads to higher pulmonary arterial pressure, which leads to right-heart failure.
Why does smoking lead to emphysema?
Smoking induces inflammation, which induces more release of proteases. The extra proteases break down tissue.
Those with alpha-1-anti-trypsin deficiency have ___________ in addition to emphysema.
liver cirrhosis
What is the common allele in alpha-1-anti-trypsin deficiency and what does it result in?
PiZ; it results in misfolding that leads to accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum
Alpha-1-anti-trypsin is autosomal __________.
recessive
Why does barrel chest occur?
Because the FRC is set by the compliance of the lungs and the chest wall. If you increase the compliance of the lungs, the chest wall pulls the thorax outward.
What does IL-4 do?
It stimulates plasma cells to class switch to produce IgE.
What happens in the first and second phases of mast cell activation?
First: histamine release
Second: leukotriene release
Sputum of asthmatics often contains ___________.
Charcot-Leyden crystals, which are crystals formed by the contents of eosinophils released into the sputum
Why does bronchiectasis lead to air trapping?
The added diameter leads to turbulent flow, which prevents air from escaping.
