Pathoma: Endocrine Pancreas Flashcards
Each islet of Langerhans contains ______________.
multiple cell types: alpha, beta, and delta
Beta cells are typically in the ____________ of the islets.
center
Type 1 DM is a type ___________ hypersensitivity reaction.
IV (mediated by T cells)
Which HLA types are more common in T1DM?
HLA DR3 and DR4
Why does untreated diabetes lead to muscle atrophy?
Because gluconeogenesis will occur in excess, and that process requires amino acids
Why does stress precipitate DKA?
Stress induces epinephrine release which further raises glucagon levels. Elevated glucagon stimulates FFA release.
Insulin resistance occurs by ________________.
decreased number of insulin receptors
Histologic examination of islets in T2DM will often show _______________.
amyloidosis
What is hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome?
High glucose leads to extreme osmotic diuresis and hypotension without ketones present
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis preferentially affects the ________________.
efferent arteriole
Why does diabetes injure nerves and retinal capillaries?
Because these cells don’t need insulin to get sugar, so high glucose levels accumulate and turn into aldose (by aldose reductase), which then leads to osmotic damage
Pituitary adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, and neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas are characteristic of __________.
MEN 1
__________-oma presents with achlorhydria, cholestasis, and steatorrhea.
Somatostatin (because it inhibits the secretion of stomach acid)
