Pathology Conditions Treatment Flashcards
Arrhtythmias
Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Dysrhythmias) - **Implantation of artificial cardiac pacemaker over comes Arrtythmias and keeps heart beatinf at proper rate
Bradycardia & heart block (atrioventricular)
a type of Arrythmias - Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle
RBBB
LBBB
Right Bundle Branch Block
Left Bundle Branch Block
Flutter
Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria, heart beat may reach 300 beats per minute. **Treatment such as medication, electrical cardioversion, catheter ablation.
Electrical Cardioversion
Electric Cardioversion uses a Machine and sensors to deliver low quick, low energy shocks to the chest.
Catheter Ablation
This procedure Guides a tube into heart to destroy small areas of tissue that may be causing your abnormal heartbeat
Fibrillation
Very Rapid, Random, inefficient and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per min)
Atrial Fibrillation
AF - is the most common type , Affectong 5-10% of 70-80yr olds electrical impluses are moved randomly throughtout the atria, causing atria to quiver instead of contracting in a coodinating rhythm.
Papitations
Uncomfortable sensations in the chest from missed heartbeats caused by Fibrillations
Paroxysmal AF
Irregular heart beats occur periodically and episodically
Permanent or Persistant AF
Irregular heartbeats continues indefinitely
Anticoaguluants
Blood thinner such as warfarin reduce the risk of stroke caused by AF -Atrial fibrillation
Watchman device
A new mechanical approach to prevent clots from leaving the heart, uses a catheter-based technique to place a plug-like device in the LAA( Left Atrial Appendage)
Left Atrial Appendage closure (LAAC)
Blocks the LAA so that clots dont leave the heart
VF - Ventrical Fibrillation
Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles - this is life threatening
Cardiac Arrest
Sudden stopping of heart
Defibrillation
Application of electric shock to heart with a Defibrilator, stops heart electricity for brief moment so normal rhythm can take over again
Catheter Ablation
is a minimally invasive treatment to treat cardiac arrhythmias, the technique using radiofrequencyenergy or extreme cold(cryoablation) to detroy tissue causing arrythmias.
Congenital heart disease
Abnormalities in the heart at birth
Coarction of the aorta (CoA)
Narrowing (Coarction) of the aorta.
A type of Abnormalities
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth.
** Treatment includes a drug (indomethacin) tp promote closure; surgery via catheterization (with coil embolization to plug the ductus); and Ligation(tying off) throught small incision between ribs
Septal Defects
Small holes in wall between the artia (atrial Sseptal defects) or the ventricular a septal defect.
**open heart surgery treatment
Tetraology of Fallot (fat-LO)
Congentital Malformation involving four (tetra-) Distinct Heart defect
** treatment includes patch closure of the ventricles septal defect and removing obstruction to the outflow at the pulmonary artery.
What are the Four Tetraology of Fallot
- Pulmonary Artery Stenosis
- Ventricular septal defect
- Shift of the aorta to the right
- Hypertrophy of the right ventricle
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
Two Types of CHF
HFrEF - Heart Failure with reduce Ejection Fraction
HFpEF - Heat failure with preserved Ejection Fraction
Pulmonary edema
Fuild accumulation in lungs and swelling
**Pitting edema Apply preassure and indentation
LVAD - Left Ventricle Assist Device
is a booster pump implanted in the abdomen, with a cannula(tube) inserted into the left ventricle.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart.
Atherosclerosis
the deposition of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries , becomes roughened as the atherosclerotic plaque collects in the artery
Thrombotic Occlusion
Blocking of the coronary artery by a clot
Ischemia
decreased blood flow
Nercrosis
death
Myocardial Infraction
Heart attack, caused by decrease or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium.
Infarct
Death of myocardial tissue, is usually replaced by scar tissue.
Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACSs)
are conditions caused by myocaridal ischemia (decrease of blood)
Unstable Angina
A condition which the heart doesnt get enough blood flow or oxygen
Nitroglycerin
drug for Acute attacks of angina is given sublingually (under tongue)
Nitrates
a Vasodilator that increases coronary blood flow and lowers blood pressure
Beta Blockers
drug to reduce the force and speed of the heartbeat and lower blood pressure
ACE Inhibitors
drug to reduce high blood pressure and the risk of future heart attacks
Calcium Channel Blockers
drug to relax muscles in the blood vessels
Statins
drug to lower cholesterol levels
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
open heart surgery bypassing clogged arteries with Saphenous vein grafts (from large superficial vein in leg) or arterial grafts (from the breast arteries or radical artery)
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
catheterization eith balloons or stents to open clogged coronary arteries.
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
Hypertensive Heart Disease
High blood pressure affecting the heart.
Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
Improper Closure of the mitral valve
Murmur
Extra heart sound, heard between normal deats
Pericarditis
imflamation of the membrane surrounding the heart
Pericardial Friction rub
a grating, to-and-fro sound produced by friction of the heart against the pericardium
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity - cure anti inflammatory drugs
Rheumatric Heart Disease
Heart Disease Caused by rheumatic fever
Mitral Stenosis
a form of valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve orifice
Aneurysm
Local widening of an aterial wall, common in aorta, treatmetn depends on the vessel involved
AAA - Abmornal Aortic Aneurysm
is an enlarged area in the lower part of the body’s main artery, called the aorta.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Blood clot forms in large vein usually in lower limb, may result in pulmonary embolism. (clot that travels to the lung)
Hypertension (HTN)
High blood pressure, secondary hypertension is high blood pressure that’s caused by another medical condition
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
Blockage Of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs
any artery can be effected
Carotid
Neck artery
Femoral
Thigh artery
Popliteal
Back of knee artery
Intermitten Claudication
Absence of pain or discomfort in a leg at rest but pain and tension after walking has begun
Raynauds
Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis (blueish) primarily in fingers and toes
Vericose veins
abnormally swollen and twisted veins Usually occuring in legs.
biventricular pacemaker
allows both (bi-) ventricles to beat together so that more blood is pumped out of the heart.
