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MT, Anatomy & Physiology > Cancer medicine vocab > Flashcards

Cancer medicine vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Adjuvant chemotherapy

A

Drugs are given after primary therapy (surgery or radiation). Adjuvant means to assist

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2
Q

Alkylating Agents

A

Chemotherapeutic synthetic drug that cause crosslink and breaks in DNA to stop cells from dividing

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3
Q

Anaplasia

A

Loss of differentiations of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type

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4
Q

Antibiotics

A

Chemotherapeutic drugs found in bacteria and fungi; which breaks in DNA strands to inhibit cell division

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5
Q

Antimetabolites

A

Chemotherapeutic agents that block synthesis of DNA components (Nucleotides) ad prevent cells from dividing

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6
Q

Antimitotics

A

Chemotherapeutic chemicals that block the function of a protein necessary for mitosis.

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7
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death. (app- means off, away; -ptosis means to fall) Normal cells undergo apoptosis when damaged or aging. If cancer cells lose the ability to undergo apoptosis, they survive indefinitely.

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8
Q

Benign tumor

A

Noncancerous growth (neoplasm)

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9
Q

Brachytherapy

A

Radiotherapy that uses insertion of sealed containers into body cavitites or radioacticve seeds directly into tumors.

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10
Q

Carcinogens

A

Agents that causes cancer; chemicals and drugs, Radiation and viruses.

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11
Q

Carcinoma

A

Cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin

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12
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Treatment with drugs that kill tummor cells.

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13
Q

Combination Chemotherapy

A

use of several chemotherapy agents to treat tumors.

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14
Q

Dedifferentiation

A

loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation

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15
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cells divison and protein synthesis

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16
Q

Electron Beams

A

low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors.

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17
Q

Encapsulated

A

surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are encapsulated.

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18
Q

External eam irradiation

A

Radiation is applied to a tumor from a sourse outside the body

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19
Q

Fractionation

A

Giving radiation in small, repeated doses

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20
Q

Genetic screening

A

Patients and family members are tested to determine whether they have inhertited a cancer-causing gene.

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21
Q

Grading of tumor

A

evaluating the degree of maturity of tumorcells or degree of differentiation.

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22
Q

Gross Description of tumor

A

Visual appearance in tumors to the naked eye:cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating or verrucous

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23
Q

Gray (Gy)

A

Unit of absorbed radiation dose

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24
Q

Immunotherapy

A

Cancer treatment using immne cells and antibodies to kill tumorcells: CAR-T cells therapy and checkpoint inhibitors are examples

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25
Infiltrative
Extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues
26
Invasive
having th abiity to enter and destroy surrounding tissue
27
Irradiation
exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays
28
Linear accelerator
Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment or deep-seated tumors
29
Malignant tumor
tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness and metastasis
30
Mesenchymal
Embryonic connective tissue (mes= middle, enchym= to pour) this is the tissue from which connective tissue (bone, muscle fat, cartilage and blood cells) arise
31
Metastasis
spread of a malignant tumor to secondary site; literally, beyond (meta-) Control (-stasis)
32
Microscopic description of tumors
Appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope: alveolar, carcinoma in situ, diffuse, dysplastic, epidermoid, follicular, papillary, pleomorphic, scirrhous, or undifferentiated
33
Mitosis
Replication of cells:a stage in cells life cycle involving the production or two identical cells from parent cell.
34
Mixed-tissue tumors
tumors composed of different type of tissue (epithelial as connective tissue)
35
Modality
method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation.
36
Moleculary targeted therapy
Use of drugs to attack specific targets (mutations) that drive cancer cell growth
37
Monoclonal antibodies
These antibodies created in a laboratory by special reproductive (cloning) techniques. They are designed to attack specific cancer cells directly or to activate Tcells (orother effected cells) to kill the tumor.
38
Morbidity
Condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function
39
Mucinous
Containing mucus (a thick whiteish secretion)
40
Mutation
Change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously
41
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Drugs are given before primary therapy (surgery or radiation) to reduce the size of tumor
42
Neoplasm
New growth; benign or malignant tumor
43
Nucleotide
component of DNA (gene) including sugar, phosphate and a base. the arrangement of nucleotides on a gene in the genetic code.
44
Onogene
Region of a DNA (gene) in tumor cells that causes cancer; Oncogenes are designated by a three letter name such as abl, erb, jun, mycobacterium, was, and src
45
Palliative
relieving but not curing symptoms
46
Pedunculated
Possessing a stem or stalk (peduncle); characteristic of some polypoid tumors
47
Photon Therapy
Radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gramma rays.
48
Protocol
Detailed plan for treatment of an illness.
49
Proton Therapy
subatomic positively charged particles (protons) produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body.
50
Radiation
Energy carried by stream of particles
51
Radiation Field
Area of the body undergoing irradiation.
52
Radiation Therapy
Treatment of tumours using doses of radiation; Radiation oncology; radiotherapy
53
Radiocurable tumor
Tumor that is completely destroyed by radiation therapy. Early Hodgkins lymphoma is an example.
54
Radiosensitizers
Drugs that increases the sensitivity to tumors x-ray
55
Radioresistant tumor
Tumor that survives large doses of radiation
56
Radiosensitve tumor
Tumor for which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue.
57
Radiotherapy
Treatment of tumors using doses of radiation; radiation therapy; radiation oncology
58
Remission
Absence of signs and symptoms of disease (tumor)
58
Relapse
Recurrence of tumor after treatment
59
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Celluar substance that represents a copy of DNA and directs the formation of new protein inside cells
60
Sarcoma
Cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue
61
Sessile
Having no stem; characteristics of some polypoid tumors
61
Serous
Having the appearance of a thin, watery fluid (serum)
62
Simulation
Study using CT scan or MRI to map the area to receive treatment before radiotherapy is given
63
Solid tumor
Tumor composed of a mass of cells
64
Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Technique in which a single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance. The aim is to destroy small tumors.
64
Staging of tumor
System Of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors. An example is the TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) system.
65
Cryosurgery
65
Cauterization
66
En Bloc Resection
67
Excisional Biopsy
68
Exenteration
68
Fulguration
69
incisional Biopsy
70
Viral Oncogenes
Pieces of DNA from viruses that, when mutated, caused normal cells to become malignant
71
Virus
Infectious Agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the hosts genetic material to make copies of itself

MT, Anatomy & Physiology (104 decks)

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