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MT, Anatomy & Physiology > Cancer medicine vocab > Flashcards

Cancer medicine vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Adjuvant chemotherapy

A

Drugs are given after primary therapy (surgery or radiation). Adjuvant means to assist

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2
Q

Alkylating Agents

A

Chemotherapeutic synthetic drug that cause crosslink and breaks in DNA to stop cells from dividing

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3
Q

Anaplasia

A

Loss of differentiations of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type

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4
Q

Antibiotics

A

Chemotherapeutic drugs found in bacteria and fungi; which breaks in DNA strands to inhibit cell division

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5
Q

Antimetabolites

A

Chemotherapeutic agents that block synthesis of DNA components (Nucleotides) ad prevent cells from dividing

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6
Q

Antimitotics

A

Chemotherapeutic chemicals that block the function of a protein necessary for mitosis.

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7
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death. (app- means off, away; -ptosis means to fall) Normal cells undergo apoptosis when damaged or aging. If cancer cells lose the ability to undergo apoptosis, they survive indefinitely.

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8
Q

Benign tumor

A

Noncancerous growth (neoplasm)

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9
Q

Brachytherapy

A

Radiotherapy that uses insertion of sealed containers into body cavitites or radioacticve seeds directly into tumors.

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10
Q

Carcinogens

A

Agents that causes cancer; chemicals and drugs, Radiation and viruses.

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11
Q

Carcinoma

A

Cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin

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12
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Treatment with drugs that kill tummor cells.

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13
Q

Combination Chemotherapy

A

use of several chemotherapy agents to treat tumors.

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14
Q

Dedifferentiation

A

loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation

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15
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cells divison and protein synthesis

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16
Q

Electron Beams

A

low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors.

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17
Q

Encapsulated

A

surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are encapsulated.

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18
Q

External eam irradiation

A

Radiation is applied to a tumor from a sourse outside the body

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19
Q

Fractionation

A

Giving radiation in small, repeated doses

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20
Q

Genetic screening

A

Patients and family members are tested to determine whether they have inhertited a cancer-causing gene.

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21
Q

Grading of tumor

A

evaluating the degree of maturity of tumorcells or degree of differentiation.

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22
Q

Gross Description of tumor

A

Visual appearance in tumors to the naked eye:cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating or verrucous

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23
Q

Gray (Gy)

A

Unit of absorbed radiation dose

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24
Q

Immunotherapy

A

Cancer treatment using immne cells and antibodies to kill tumorcells: CAR-T cells therapy and checkpoint inhibitors are examples

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25
Q

Infiltrative

A

Extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues

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26
Q

Invasive

A

having th abiity to enter and destroy surrounding tissue

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27
Q

Irradiation

A

exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays

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28
Q

Linear accelerator

A

Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment or deep-seated tumors

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29
Q

Malignant tumor

A

tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness and metastasis

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30
Q

Mesenchymal

A

Embryonic connective tissue (mes= middle, enchym= to pour) this is the tissue from which connective tissue (bone, muscle fat, cartilage and blood cells) arise

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31
Q

Metastasis

A

spread of a malignant tumor to secondary site; literally, beyond (meta-) Control (-stasis)

32
Q

Microscopic description of tumors

A

Appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope: alveolar, carcinoma in situ, diffuse, dysplastic, epidermoid, follicular, papillary, pleomorphic, scirrhous, or undifferentiated

33
Q

Mitosis

A

Replication of cells:a stage in cells life cycle involving the production or two identical cells from parent cell.

34
Q

Mixed-tissue tumors

A

tumors composed of different type of tissue (epithelial as connective tissue)

35
Q

Modality

A

method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation.

36
Q

Moleculary targeted therapy

A

Use of drugs to attack specific targets (mutations) that drive cancer cell growth

37
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

These antibodies created in a laboratory by special reproductive (cloning) techniques. They are designed to attack specific cancer cells directly or to activate Tcells (orother effected cells) to kill the tumor.

38
Q

Morbidity

A

Condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function

39
Q

Mucinous

A

Containing mucus (a thick whiteish secretion)

40
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously

41
Q

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

A

Drugs are given before primary therapy (surgery or radiation) to reduce the size of tumor

42
Q

Neoplasm

A

New growth; benign or malignant tumor

43
Q

Nucleotide

A

component of DNA (gene) including sugar, phosphate and a base. the arrangement of nucleotides on a gene in the genetic code.

44
Q

Onogene

A

Region of a DNA (gene) in tumor cells that causes cancer; Oncogenes are designated by a three letter name such as abl, erb, jun, mycobacterium, was, and src

45
Q

Palliative

A

relieving but not curing symptoms

46
Q

Pedunculated

A

Possessing a stem or stalk (peduncle); characteristic of some polypoid tumors

47
Q

Photon Therapy

A

Radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gramma rays.

48
Q

Protocol

A

Detailed plan for treatment of an illness.

49
Q

Proton Therapy

A

subatomic positively charged particles (protons) produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body.

50
Q

Radiation

A

Energy carried by stream of particles

51
Q

Radiation Field

A

Area of the body undergoing irradiation.

52
Q

Radiation Therapy

A

Treatment of tumours using doses of radiation; Radiation oncology; radiotherapy

53
Q

Radiocurable tumor

A

Tumor that is completely destroyed by radiation therapy. Early Hodgkins lymphoma is an example.

54
Q

Radiosensitizers

A

Drugs that increases the sensitivity to tumors x-ray

55
Q

Radioresistant tumor

A

Tumor that survives large doses of radiation

56
Q

Radiosensitve tumor

A

Tumor for which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue.

57
Q

Radiotherapy

A

Treatment of tumors using doses of radiation; radiation therapy; radiation oncology

58
Q

Remission

A

Absence of signs and symptoms of disease (tumor)

58
Q

Relapse

A

Recurrence of tumor after treatment

59
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

Celluar substance that represents a copy of DNA and directs the formation of new protein inside cells

60
Q

Sarcoma

A

Cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue

61
Q

Sessile

A

Having no stem; characteristics of some polypoid tumors

61
Q

Serous

A

Having the appearance of a thin, watery fluid (serum)

62
Q

Simulation

A

Study using CT scan or MRI to map the area to receive treatment before radiotherapy is given

63
Q

Solid tumor

A

Tumor composed of a mass of cells

64
Q

Stereotactic Radiosurgery

A

Technique in which a single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance. The aim is to destroy small tumors.

64
Q

Staging of tumor

A

System Of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors. An example is the TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) system.

65
Q

Cryosurgery

A
65
Q

Cauterization

A
66
Q

En Bloc Resection

A
67
Q

Excisional Biopsy

A
68
Q

Exenteration

A
68
Q

Fulguration

A
69
Q

incisional Biopsy

A
70
Q

Viral Oncogenes

A

Pieces of DNA from viruses that, when mutated, caused normal cells to become malignant

71
Q

Virus

A

Infectious Agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the hosts genetic material to make copies of itself

MT, Anatomy & Physiology (104 decks)

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