Participles (info) Flashcards
A participle is not a verb. What is it?
a verbal adjective
The subject of the participle is always the same case as what?
- The participle
For every participle, what three things do we examine?
- Type of participle
- Subject of the participle
- Role in the sentence
What are the three main types of participles?
- Adjectival (attributive or substantive)
- Supplementary
- Circumstantial (adverbial)
How can you trace an adjectival participle?
- It bears a definite article and functions in the sentence like a noun or an adjective
What four things can an adjectival participle function as in a sentence?
- The subject of the verb
- The object of the verb
- A complement
- An adjective moderating a noun
What are the two types of adjectival participle?
- Substantive
- Attributive
When is a participle considered substantive?
When it appears in a sentence with an article and does not modify a noun
How does a substantive participle function in the sentence?
- As a noun
What is the subject of a substantive participle?
- its article
What 4 roles can a substantive participle play in a sentence?
- subject of a verb
- object of a verb
- complement
- any other nominal term in the sentence, just like a noun
Can a substantive participle still have an object, complement or agent? Why?
- Yes
- Because it maintains its verbal elements
How is a substantive participle translated?
With a relative clause
What is an attributive participle?
- An adjectival participle that agrees with a noun in the sentence
All grammatical elements of an attributive participle depend on what?
- On the noun with which it agrees
What is the subject of an attributive participle?
The noun itself
How does an attributive participle function in a sentence?
- As an adjective moderating that noun with which it agrees
Can an attributive participle still have an object, complement or agent? Why?
- Yes
- Because it maintains its verbal elements
How is an attributive participle translated?
with a relative clause
What does a supplementary participle usually refer to? What does it supplement?
- The object of the verb
- Supplements the action mentioned by the verb
When the supplementary participle is not in indirect speech, what role can it have in the sentence?
- It can be the (indirect) object of a verb just like a noun
When the supplementary participle is in an indirect speech, what two things can it be? What is this like?
- indirect statement or indirect command
- just like an infinitive
When a supplementary participle is not in an indirect speech, how is it to be translated into English?
- With bare infinitive or -ing
There are some cases in which the supplementary participle is in the nominative case and agrees with the subject of the verb. In those cases, how do we translate the participle? What is its function in the sentence?
- We translate the participle with the main verb with an adverbial phrase
- in these cases the supplementary participle is the complement to the subject and the verb is considered connecting
A circumstantial participle is directly associated with what? What does it provide?
- associated directly with the verb
- provides an adverbial clause
What are the 6 types of circumstantial participle?
- Temporal participle
- Participle of manner
- Final Participle
- Causal Participle
- Conditional Participle
- Concessive Participle
What tenses can a temporal participle be in? How does it function?
- all tenses, but especially in the aorist
- functions as an adverbial clause of time
What tense does a Participle of manner normally appear in? How does it function?
- Normally appears in the present tense
- Functions as an adverbial phrase of manner
What tense does a Final Participle normally appear in? What does it indicate? How does it function? What does it normally follow?
- Normally appears in the future tense
- Indicates purpose
- Functions as an adverbial clause of purpose
- Normally follows a verb of motion
How does a Causal Participle function? What tense can it be in? What sometimes comes before these participles? What does it normally follow?
- Functions as an adverbial clause of cause
- Can be in any tense
- ὡς or ἁτε sometimes comes before these participles
- Normally it follows a verb indicating emotion
How does a Conditional Participle function? What tense can it be in? What does it sometimes follow?
- Functions as an adverbial clause of condition or a conditional clause
- Can be in any tense
- It sometimes follows a verb in the future tense
How does a Concessive Participle function? What tense can it be? What two words sometimes appear next to this participle?
- Functions as an adverbial concessive clause
- Can be in any tense
- Sometimes καιπερ and καιτοι appear next to this participle
Add genitive absolute etc
- idk
