P2 / Aeromed, VFR, engines Flashcards
What are the 4 types of hypoxia ?
describe them
Hypoxic: Not enough O2 in the air (decreasing atmospheric pressure)
Hypemic: Reduction in the bloods O2 carrying ability (eg. Blood loss, carbon monoxide)
Stagnant: Adequate O2 carrying ability - inadequate circulation (Heart failure, high G’s)
Hisyotoxic:Body tissue can’t use O2 due to alcohol or narcotics poisoning
Definition: Stress
“The nonspecific respons of the body to any demand”
(The wear and tear of the body)
What’s the two categories of vestibular illusions ? (What in the body is affected)
Somatogyral illusions (false illusion of rotation-semicircular canals)
Somatogravic illusions (false illusions caused by gravity - otolith organs)
Name the 4 somatogyral illusions
Leans Occurs in a subtreshhold roll. Upon detecting it and rolling out the pilots semicircular canals have made a new point of neutral (the bank) and the pilot will in level flight feel as if banking
Post roll Occurs in a bank. Fluid reaches equilibrium and the pilot no longer feel the rolling motion. This causes the pilot to increase bank on the misperception that the a/c isn’t banking enough.
Graveyard spiral Occurs in a prolonged moderate to steep bank. Semicircular canals reaches equilibrium. Upon abrupt recovery from the bank the pilot feel like the a/c is banking when in level flight. In the proces of recovery from the percieved bank the pilot can enter a spiral.
Coriolis illusion Pilot may fly the a/c in to dangerous attitudes. This happens when the pilot has been in a prolonged turn and quickly move head in new axis. The fluid in the ear has reach equilibrium and movement causes fluid to move giving a false illution.
Name the 2 somatogravic illusions
G-excess illusion a verson of coriolis but caused by g force magnitude misinterpertation in the otolith organs.
Elevator illusion False sensation of pitch when head in neutral position with sagnificant up/down acceleration. Gz increase up causes eyes to look down and give climb sensation.
Define: Fatigue
The state of feeling tired, weary or sleep that results from prolonged physical and mental work, extended periods of anxiety, exposure to harsh enviroment or loss of sleep
Define: Spatial disorientation
The pilot erroneous perception of motion, position og attitude in relation to the gravitational vertical and earths surface
Name the stressors
Psykosocial (JIF: job, ilness, friends)
Enviromental (Heat, cold, IFR, altitude)
Physiological (DEATH, self-imposed)
Cognitive (All or nothing thinking, must/should)
The types of fatigue
Acute : between 2 sleeps, inattention and irritability
Chronic : Prolonged. slow reaction, loss of appetite, insomnia
Motivation (burnout) : Can cause a person to shut down socially
1 oz of alcohol is equivalent to ____ physiological alt.
(oxygen dificiency - Hypoxia)
2000’
Smoking 3 cigarets rapidly or 20-30 in 24 hours is equivalent to ____ ‘ MSL or a loss of ____ % night vision
(oxygen dificiency - Hypoxia)
5000’ MSL & 20% night vision
What’s the stages of hypoxia ?
( Name - altitude - effect )
1) Indifferent (0-10.000’) -
night vision reduction at 4.000’
2) Compensatory (10.000 - 15.000’) -
Pulse increases, poor judgement
3) Disturbance (15.000-20.000’) -
Can’t compensat for O2 deficiency = impared vision, mental speed ect.
4) Critical (20.000’+) -
Loss of consiusness - death
3 Types of spatial disorientation
1) Unrecognized
2) Recognized
3) Incapacitating
What are the 3 systems which plays a role in spatial disorientation ?
Visual (80%)
Vestibular
Somatosensory
Name the visual illusions
Induced motion
Autokinesis
Crater illusion
Confusion with ground lights
Height-depth
Fixation
False horizon
Strutural illusion
Size distance
Briefly discribe
Vection
(Induced motion)
The movement of another object making it seem like you’re moving
Briefly discribe
Autokinesis
Staring at a single light source (6-12sec) can make it appear as if it’s moving
Briefly discribe
Crater illusion
- Search light makes ground apear as crater
- NVG light to far under nose (ground apear as upsloping = too fast descent)
Briefly discribe
Confusion with ground lights
Think ground lights are stars
Briefly discribe
Height/depth illusion
Terrain lacks contrast = perceived higher than actual alt.
(dessert, snow, water)
Briefly discribe
Fixation
Target fixation, tunnel vision
Briefly discribe
False horizon
- Clouds perceived as horizon
- Larger city lights perceived as horizon
Briefly discribe
Structural illusion
Distorition of objects by heat wave, rain, fog ect.
Briefly discribe
Size-distance illusion
Objects are a different size than expected in relation to our experience and knowledge (runways, trees ect.)
Name the 5 big engine modules
- Axial compressor
- Gas generator (high pressure section)
- Power turbine
- Reduction gearbox
- Transmission shaft (accessory gear box)
Name the standard altitude for airspace
A
B
C
D
E
G
A 18.000’
B 10.000’
C 4.000’
D 2500’
E SFC-700’ / 700’+ / 1200’+
G SFC til Max 1200’ Cairn map (14.500 elsewhere)
| AGL
Weather minima for airspace:
B
3 sm
Clear of clouds
Weather minima for airspace:
C & D
Weather minima for airspace:
E
Weather minima for airspace:
G
Which exogeneous factors has a 0 hour restriction ?
Tear gas - just until no residual effects
Which exogeneous factors has a 6 hour restriction ?
- Centrifugal runs (time after no residual effects remain )
Which exogeneous factors has a 12 hour restriction ?
- Local/regional anesthesia
- Alcohol
- Immunication
- Simulator sickness
Which exogeneous factors has a 24 hour restriction ?
- Plasma ( max 2 times per year )
- Decompression chamber above 25.000’
- Scubadiving
Which exogeneous factors has a 48 hour restriction ?
- General Anesthesia (general, spinal, epidural)
Which exogeneous factors has a 72 hour restriction ?
- Blood donation above 200 cc
(max 2 times per year)
Which exogeneous factors has a “must see flight surgeon” restriction ?
- CBRN
- Medications
- Dietary supplements
- Marrow donation
- Decompression, hypobaric chamber sickness
What distance should we keep to thunder storms ?
20 NM
What’s the minimum fuel reserve for VFR / IFR ?
VFR: 20 min at cruise
IFR: 30 min at cruise
How far out does a warning area extend ?
3 NM from the US coast
What are the standard emergency frequencies ?
121.5
243.0
What’s the procedure if going inadvertent IMC
elaborate on each step
Annonce “IMC”
Attitude Pitch & wings level
Torque As needed (8 FLI is good for climb)
Trim A/C in trim
Heading Safe direction
Airspeed maintain if safe otherwise 65 (Vy) /45 (Vx)
Altitude 3500’ MSL
ATC Vectors for ILS approach or to VMC conditions
Squack 7700 (Emergency)
Not changing airspeed may prevent SD (maintain 90 kts)
What do you check under the following step during preflight:
Before exterior check: Helicopter forms and documents + weight, CG
1. A/C logbook - maintenance status
2. Applicable AWR on board (green logbook)
3. DD FORM 365-4 compare BW & moment to MBR (green logbook)
4. RFM VOL 1. (blue book) - section 6 MBR Mass and balance record
