EXAM (INST II) Flashcards
1
Q
What is a holding procedure ?
A
A predetermined maneuver which keeps a/c within specified airspace while awaiting further clearance from ATC
2
Q
What is standard pattern when executing holding procedures ?
A
Right turn pattern
3
Q
Why is it important to comply with the assigned holding side ?
A
Because it’s protected airspace
4
Q
Where can you expect to encounter charted/published holding ?
A
- Enroute holding (ELA chart)
- Arrival holding (TPP/TLA chart)
5
Q
Whats the holding course ?
A
The course that you fly when you are established in holding and inbound to the holding fix
6
Q
What 4 places may you encounter holding
A
- Enroute (ELA)
- Arrival (TPP)
- Hold in lieu (TPP)
- Missed approach (TPP)
7
Q
What’s max holding speed on a Copter approach ?
A
90 KIAS
8
Q
RDO calles required in holding patterns
A
Enter : Time and altitude
Exit : Departing
9
Q
Name all the A’s
A
10
Q
Name all the B’s
A
11
Q
When will we start our time/DIST meassure in the holding pattern ?
A
Abeam the fix outbound wings level
Indbound wings level
12
Q
When would we get a course assigned and not a radial - when in a holding pattern ?
A
When the fix is a waypoint
( waypoints dont have radials)
13
Q
What type of holding pattern is this ?
A
Missed approach
14
Q
What type of holding pattern is these ?
A
Hold in-lieu of procedure turn
15
Q
What type of holding pattern is this ?
A
Arrival
16
Q
What is Copter procedures ?
A
Procedure for helicopters
17
Q
What reasons are there for holding ?
Expected/unexpected
A
Unexpected: Sequencing, EMER, WX
Expected: IFR clearance, requested by pilot, course reversal
18
Q
What’s weather minimums for T/O IFR
A
Depends on PC hours actual IFR
(Obs. Obligatory non std t/o minimums apply no matter hours)
<50 hours : 100 feet celing 1/4 VIS
>50 hours : No restrictions
19
Q
What are the sections of the approach plate ?
A
- Margin information
- Pilot briefing section
- Plan view
- Profile view
- Landing minimums
- Airport sketch
20
Q
What is required obstacle clearance, during departure, based on ?
A
The pilot:
1. Crossing DER (departure end) at 35’ or above
2. Climb 400’ above DER (AGL) before turning
3. Minimum gradient of 200 FPNM until IFR alt
(in cockpit 200 FPNM = 300FPM@90KIAS)
(400 FPNM from helipad)
21
Q
May we use RW RVR at a helipad ?
A
No - request to go to that RW
22
Q
Where can we find ODP and IFR T/O WX minimums ?
A
TPP - T/O minimums
23
Q
Which t/o departure procedures are published and must be followed if selected ?
A
ODP
SID
24
Q
What is this ?
A
Procedure turn (PT)
to perform course reversal to establish aircraft on final approach course/inbound course
25
What is this ?
( when is it used and what does it provide )
**MSA (Minimum safe altitude)**
For EMER use and based on primary NAVAID, waypoint or ref. for the IAP.
Provide 1000' clearance (non mountain) but not necessarily NAV. SIG. coverage
| FEET MSL - usually 25 NM radius
26
What are these ?
**TAA: Terminal Arrival Areas**
Provides transistion from the enroute structure to the terminal enviroment
(Std. TAA: 1. Straight in 2. left base 3. right base)
Provides minimum altitudes with std. obstacle clearance
| RNAV and ILS approaches - High traffic areas
27
What is this part of the TPP chart called?
Profile view + landing minimums
28
What is this ?
NDB + DIST from NDB to DME at cairns
Used for:
- Procedure Turn (PT) fix
- FAF (NPA - Maltese cross)
29
What is this ?
Glide Slope altitude at FAF
The altitude you should be at when reaching the NDB if you’re perfect on glideslope
30
What is this ?
Glide slope angle +
Treshold crossing height
31
What is this ?
Glideslope intercept altitude (ILS)
*minimum altitude for glideslope interception after complete PT (procedure turn)*
32
What is this ?
Visual descent point (VDP)
*The point on the final approach course from which normal descent from the MDA to the runway may be commenced.*
| Non precision straight in approach
33
What is this ?
Missed approach icons
34
How is the begining of the final segment indicated on a **non precision approach** depicted on the profile view ?
Maltese cross(FAF)
35
# Non precision approach
When no FAF is depicted, when is the final approach point then ?
When the a/c is established (±5º) inbound on the final approach course
36
What does the grey shaded area signify ?
Visual segment below VDP is clear of obstacles on 34:1 slope
37
What is this section called ?
Landing minimums
38
What are these ?
498 = DA (precision app.)
760 + 780 = MDA (non precision app.)
39
What is this ?
Visability - (RVR in 100's of feet)
* not used by army aviators - we can initialize approach no matter ceiling and visibility
40
What types of altitudes are the following:
1. Mandatory altitude
2. Minimum altitude
3. Maximum altitude
41
What's the difference between the following two (outline) ?
The first one (thick outline) is the primary navaid on the chart
42
What does this mean on a chart ?
Distance not to scale
43
What kind of points are these ?
Flyover points
44
What are these ?
Airspeed limits
1. Mandatory airspeed
2. Minimum airspeed
3. Maximum airspeed
45
What is the difference between:
1, 2 and 3 ?
All altitudes for MDA/DA
1. **HAT** (Height above touchdown - ILS/LOC)
2. **HAA** (Height above airport - Circling)
3. **HAL** (Height above landing area - Copter to helipad)
46
What are the 6 section of the of the IAP chart ?
- Margin information
- Pilot briefing section
- Plan view
- Profile view
- Landing minimums
- Airport sketch
47
What is this ?
Enroute holding pattern
48
What are the 3 types of entry to a holding pattern ?
| (amount of º)
1. Direct (180º)
2. Parallel (110º)
3. Teardrop (70º)
49
How do we use E6B to calculate time corrections in the holding pattern?
**Outer ring**: Outbound time (1 min)
**Inner ring**: Inbound time to station passage
**Arrow** = next time to fly outbound
50
How do we correct for wind in the holding pattern ?
1. Find the inbound fix drift correction *(how many degrees is my heading off the inbound course)*
2. Correction x 3 = Apply to the outbound course opposite the previous drift
*eg. Drift correction 5ºR = 15ºL correction to outbound course*
51
What is a **feeder** route ?
| What does this mean
Route depicted on IAP chart to guide aircraft from the enroute structure to the IAF (initial approach fix)
| Minimum 2000', Course: 101º, 19 NM
52
Does every approach plate have an airport sketch ?
Yes
53
Does every airport have en airport diagram ?
No
54
# Approach chart
Where can you find information concerning **DA and MDA** for your a/c approach category
Landing minimums
55
# Approach chart
Where can you find the following information: *RW dimensions, Approach lighting, RW lights*
Airport sketch
56
"NDB or VOR or ILS" in the top margin of the approach chart mean ?
The type of navigational facility that provides the final approach course guidance
57
What part of the approach chart provides you with
1. textual
2. graphical
depection of a missed approach ?
1. **Text**: pilot briefing section
2. **Graphic**: Profile view *(missed app. icons)*
58
What's the pupose of the "**SID**"
Reduce pilot and ATC workload + expedite trafic
59
What does ATC utilize to expedice departure flow
SID & radar vectoring
60
Can a VFR departure be made to transition to IFR ?
Yes *(but only if you can maintain VMC until transitioning to IFR)*
61
What's the primary purpose of a departure procedure ?
Obstacle clearance protection
*(from terminal area to enroute structure)*
62
What are the 4 things an approach procedure will provide
| (no matter if NPA or PA)
1. Lateral guidance (Ground or spaced based)
2. Vertical guidance (Glideslope, MDA, DA ect.)
3. Range information (GPS, DME ect.)
4. Visual information (PAPI, VASI ect.)
63
What are the 4 segements of an approach ?
| In which segment is course reversel included if present ?
**1. Initial segment**
IAF - intermediate approach fix
**2. Intermediate segment**
intermediate approach fix - FAF (X)
(may include course reversel)
**3. Final segment**
FAF (X) - MAP
**4. Missed approach segment**
MAP - Missed approach holding
## Footnote
(X) Approach may not have a FAF. The IAF is FAF and is now called FAP. When wings level on final course
Intermediate approach fix: Usually when you are inbound FAF, established on course
64
What are the 2 ways to execute an IAP ?
1. **Full approach** *(no help from ATC to intercept)*
2. **Radar vector** *(HDG + ALT from ATC to intercept final approach course)*
65
Name the two approach categories
1. **PA** = Precision approach
2. **NPA** = Non-precision approach
66
What are the different methods of performing a procedure turn ?
1. Teardrop
2. 45º turn (45/180)
3. 80º turn (80/260)
67
Can you do a course reversel if not published (symbol) on the chart ?
no
68
What are the two common ways of doing a Course reversal ?
- Procedure turn (3 types)
- Holding in lieu of procedure turn
69
What are the two restrictions you must follow doing a procedure turn?
- "Remain within" distance
- Stay above procedure turn altitude until inbound the approach
70
Within how many degreese of the approach course are you "established" on the approach ?
± 5 º
Half deflection CDI in VOR
71
What are the 4 main items found in the TLA ?
1. Radar instrument approach minimums
2. Instrument approach procedures
3. Standard instrument departures
4. Airport diagrams
72
What does VASI an abbreviation for ?
Visual approach slope indicator
73
What information does a feeder route provide
____ & ____ & ____
Altitude, heading, distance
74
What does " ± " signify ?
Doubtful accuracy
75
What are the six aircraft approach categories published for IFR landing minima ?
A, B, C, D, E, COPTER
76
# IFR landing minima
If there's no copter category listed, a helicopter will use category ___
A
77
What's a "hotspot" ?
A runway safety related problem on an airport that presents increased risk during surface operations
78
What's a "airport surface hot spot" ?
A location on an aerodrome movement area with a history or potential risk of collision
79
All turns in holding should be one of the following, whichever gives less bank:
1:
2:
3:
1: Standard turn 3º/s
2: 30º
3: 25º *provided a flight director system is used*
80
What does this tell us about KOZR ?
The following runways have standard departure / T/O minimums
81
What's standard maximum airspeed in a holding pattern
1) Up to 6.000' MSL
2) Above 6.000' to 14.000' MSL
200 KIAS
230 KIAS
82
ATC clearance for a charted holding pattern will include:
1. A/C ID
2. Charted holding direction from fix
*(eg. NE of SKIBBO intersextion)*
3. Statement "As published"
4. EFC time
| expected further clearance
83
ATC clearance for a holding pattern that's NOT charted will include:
1. A/C ID
2. Charted holding direction from fix
*(eg. NE of SKIBBO intersextion)*
3. Name of holding fix
4. Holding radial, course, bearing..
5. Leg length in time or dist
6. Direction of turns
4. EFC time
84
What is "alternate minimums" and do army aviators have to comply ?
When the symbol is present on the approach plate it means that **non-std. IFR minimums exsist** and the "IFT alternate airport minimums" section in the TPP needs to be refrenced
| Army aviators do not have to comply with the WX - but have to look because other information May be mandatory
85
What does this mean when present in the approach plate ?
Can not be used as an alternate
That the alternate minimums are not authorized due to unmt facility og absence of weather reporting
86
Can army aviators land on a
*"land and hold short of"* clearance ?
No
*They need a "to the numbers" clearance*
87
Where can you find approach lighting information
| Which pub
**TPP** not TLA
88
What is this ?
The final approach course
89
What is this ?
**Radar minimums**
PAR = Precision approach radar
*An approach with no navigation indications in the cockpit, but following ATC instructions. Look up DH ect. in the radar instrument approach minimums section of the TPP*
| Good for emergencies
90
What are these and how should we use them?
Obstacles (man made)
Consider them when determining when to descent from MDA
91
Which type of approaches uses:
HAT
HAA
HAL
**HAT (Height above touchdown)**
Instrument approaches - straight in
**HAA (Height above airport)**
Used during circling approaches
**HAL (Height above landing area)**
USed during Copter approaches
92
What is the difference between the numbers in the *red-blue-green* box
**Red:** DA+visability RVR
**Blue:** Touch down elevation (HAT) `DA-RW elevation`
**Green:** Weather minimums for planning (alternate need wx = + 400' & +1 SM of numbers in the green box)
| We don't use RVR bc. we can initiate an approach no matter vis. & ceil.
93
What is a "STAR"
Standard terminal arrival
A publushed route that provide transition from enroute to a outer fix in the terminal area
94
Does all approach plates have airport sketches/diagrams ?
They all have a sketch, but not all have a diagram
95
What's a step down fix ?
A point at which you can descent to a lower MDA/DA if you fix the point
96
Can other IFR WX takeoff minimums then *"100' + 1/4 SM"* exist ?
Yes, look up in the TPP
97
What are the options for departure (IFR)
-Diverse departure
-ODP
-SID
-Radar vectoring
-ATC specified departure instructions
-VFR departure (into IFR)
98
If an airfield have IAP will they also have DP's ?
Yes
99
How do you perform a diverse departure ?
| (From an airfield with atleast one IAP)
Maintain RW heading after T/O
No turns until 400' AGL
Maintain a minimum climb rate of 200 FPNM
100
When will an ODP be published ?
When an obstacle penetrate above the climb out clearance for the diverse departure
101
Can a ODP be flown without an ATC clearance ?
Yes - if no SID has been specifically assigned to you by ATC
102
What does this mean when on the IAP chart ?
Entry is made in the T/O minimum, ODP, radar vector section of the TPP
103
____ critria is utilized to enter into a SID unless an ____ is published for the specific departure point. In cases such as this the ____ will be inclouded in the SID route desciption.
**Diverse departure** critria is utilized to enter into a SID unless an **ODP** is published for the specific departure point. In cases such as this the **ODP** will be included in the SID route desciption.
104
Which departure procedure is always found in graphic form ?
SID
105
Do you always know before T/O if the departure is to be vectored ?
Yes
| Also receive instructions to reach minimum vectoring altitude
106
When can departure start vectoring you ?
When they have "radar contact" with you a/c
107
When is VFR departures (on a IFR flight plan) used ?
When the airfield has no IAP published and VMC exist
108
What must the pilot do when performing VFR departure on an IFR flight plan ?
- Fly appropriate VFR cruising altitude prior to IFR transistion
- Comply with VFR WX criterias
- Be able to comply with IFR after the transition
109
When t/o from an airfield without IAP/DP - when and to whom should you file your flight plan ?
Minimum 30 minutes prior to departure to the nearest ATC facility
110
What do you do if you're at an airfield with no IAP/DP (no ATC), and want to takeoff even though VFR WX is undesirable ?
Call nearest ATC facility and request a clearance
| *(or RCO through FSS relay)*
## Footnote
They'll issue a short-range clearance
111
How do you obtain IFR clearance from an airport with a tower ?
Call clearance delivery
*if no CLR. DLV. then call ground control*
112
If ATC do not use SID to expedite departure flow, what they can use instead ?
Radar vectoring
113
What are the two types of instrument approach procedures ?
| (IAP)
Precision
Non-precision
114
What does all IAP procedures provide in some way
| 4 things
1. Lateral guidance
2. Vertical guidance
3. Range information (DME, GPS, Marker B.)
4. Visual information (RW markings + lighting)
115
What are the 4 segments to a published IAP ?
1) **Initial** approach segment
2) **Intermediate** approach segment
3) **Final** approach segment
4) **Missed** approach segment
116
Initial segment is from ____ to ____
Initial segment is from **IAF** to **Intermediate fix/point**
## Footnote
`IAF: Initial approach fix (Labeled on the plan view on the NAVAID "IAF")`
117
Intermediate segment is from ____ to ____
Intermediate segment is from **Intermediate fix** to **FAF**
## Footnote
```
FAF: Final approach fix (maltese cross - profile view)
Includes course reversels
Both IF & FAF may be a point
```
118
Final segment is from ____ to ____
Final segment is from **FAF** to **MAP**
| FAF: Final approach fic
## Footnote
```
FAF: Final approach fix (maltese cross - profile view)
Includes course reversels
FAF may be a point
MAP: Missed approach fix
```
119
Missed approach segment is from ____ to ____
Missed approach segment is from **MAP** to **MAF** *(at prescribed altitude)*
## Footnote
```
MAP: Missed approach point
MAF: Missed approach fix
```
120
What is the difference between a "Full approach" and an assisted approach ?
**Full approach:**
Utilizes all four segments
Aviators conduct their own navigation
**Assisted:**
ATC assist with radar vectors
Guides the a/c via. HDG and ALT. to intercept FAF
121
What is "course reversel" used for ?
Reverse the arrival course to establish the a/c inbound prior to FAF
122
What types of restrictions can apply to a procedure turn ?
1) "Remain within" DIST
2) Minimum altitude until established inbound
123
Name the 5 situations in which you would NOT perform course reversal
**1.** ATC clears for straight in app.
**2.** Flying an app. via no PT route
**3.** When a/c is established in holding and subsequently cleared for the approach and the holding course and PT course is the same
**4.** When ATC provides radar vectors to final approach course
**5.** When ATC clear a/c for a timed approach - in holding and given time to deoart the FAF inbound
124
At what point of the IAP does the descent to the published approach minima altitude begin ?
At the FAF
125
Before you begin your descent from the FAF, you must have/be three things - name them
1) Cleared for the approach
2) Established on final approach course
3) Positioned at the FAF / Established inbound at the FAP within specified distance
126
Regarding the missed approach segment if the IAP - What gradients must you adhere to ?
Standard procedures: 200 FPNM
Copter labeled procedures: 400 FPNM
127
RDO call to ATC during missed approach should include:
1) Announce missed approach
2) Reason behind
3) Request clearance for required course of action
## Footnote
```
Options may include:
-Additional approaches (adequate fuel)
-Holding for improved WX
-Proceed to alternate
```
128
What type of altitude is MDA ?
MSL
129
When can you fly below MDA ?
1. Approach light, treshhold, markings - visible to pilot
2. A/C must be in a position from which a safe approach and landing can be made
130
How is vertical guidance obtained doing a non precision approach
Use of the sequential altitudes published on the approach chart
131
What type of approaches utilizes marker beacons?
Localizer navaids
Usually ILS approaches
132
Where is the marker beacons located - how is the signal transmitted ?
Marker beacons are antennas situated on the same course and centerline as the localizer
Transmits signals straight up
133
What are the 3 marker beacons ?
| What do they mark ?
**Outer marker (OM)**
Glide slope interception point
**Middle marker (MM)**
CAT 1 missed approach point
**Inner marker (IM)**
RW treshhold
134
What is the difference between these 3 runway markings ?
1) Non instrument runway
2) Non-precision runway
3) Precision runway
135
During a NPA - cirle to land approach - What is the procedure if you loose visual contact with the runway ?
To turn towards the landing RW and execute proper missed approach procedure
136
What does a PA have that a NPA doesn't have ?
Guidance glidepath
137
When is the MAP for the PA ?
When reaching DA AND on glideslope
138
# PA
Where do you intercept glideslope ?
at glideslope intercept point (altitude)
FAF (not the maltese cross )
139
How is published glideslope angle converted to FPM descent rate ?
| 2 methods
**1)** Table
**2)** E6B
(Arrow: KIAS / Inner: Angle / outer FPM)
140
What are the ILS categories ?
Guides you to:
**CAT I** : HAT around 200'
**CAT II** : HAT around 100'
**CAT III** : Almost to the RW, special training needed - Not allowed for army aviators
141
What are the two types of GCA
PAR: (Precision)
ASR: (surveillance)
142
Where can you find information on PAR / ASR
TPP/TLA - Radar instrument approach minimums
143
Where can you find information on PAR / ASR
TPP/TLA - Radar instrument approach minimums
144
Does a PAR/ASR guide you to a higher or lower HAT than a normal IAP ?
Lower
145
PAR w/o glideslope - is it a NPA or PA ?
NPA
146
Which MDA and WX planning minimums should be used when performing a circling approach
MDA & WX for the RW which the approach is flown to - not the one youre going to land at
147
What FAF for PA ?
Glideslope interception
148
# GCA
How long on a PAR/ASR before you should perform lost com / two way rdo failure procedures.
**1 min** - When vectored to final approach course
**15 sec** ASR on final approach course
**5 sec** PAR on final approach course
149
When is MAP on a ASR/PAR approach ?
**PAR**: DH arrival
*(ATC or you, however calls it first)*
**ASR**: Only know you're at MAP when controller tells you
150
# GCA
What does a PAR/ASR provide ?
**PA (PAR)** *AR-E* ( Azimuth + Range + elevation )
**NPA (ASR)** *AR* ( Azimuth + Range )
| *Azimuth* : Angular meassurement
151
Where do you find a PAR/ASR ?
**TLA/TPP** In the Radar minimum index
| Pilot briefing - PAR written - ASR isn't always written
152
Does a PAR have a DA/DH/MDA - why ?
It's the only approach left with a : **DH**
153
What are the two APV approaches ?
Approach with vertical guidance
LPV + LNAV/VNAV
| *LPV has a lower HAT than LNAV/VNAV*
154
What provides you with DIST meassurement on an ILS approach ?
Marker beacon or DME
| We don't have DME
155
If you loose visual reference during a circling approach - what's the procedure ?
Turn towards the landing RW and maneuver to interceot and fly missed approach procedure ( for the approach you were cleared )
156
Which type of approach has a VDP
NPA straight in (on circling and PA the symbol means nothing)
157
When are you at the FAP (on an approach w/u FAF)
Completede course reversal, Established inbound on FAC, within “remain w/i DIST”
158
How do you know If you’ll break out of the clouds?
Look at you HAT (MDA-TDZE)
159
What does the circle on top of the A5 lighting (MALSR) mean ?
Sequence of flashing lights
160
What does a (P) and a (V) symbol mean on the aport sketch/diagram
PAPI or VASI lighting (approach lighting)
If completely filled out = Pilot contolled
161
Does a TAA have a MSA ?
No the TAA altitude is the MSA (it takes everything into consideration)
162
What’s the difference between glideslope and glidepath ?
Glidesope is provided when flying ILS/PAR, glidepath is provided for APV approaches (guidance - digitally created and not transmitted by a NAVAID signal)
163
What creates the glidepath ?
SBAS (Satelite based argmentation system) - also known as WAAS
Creates the glidepath without a transmitted signal
164
What IAS is assosiated with CAT B (landing minimums)
91 kts - 120 kts
165
What does this symbol tell us ?
DIST between two NAVAIDS or two compulsary reporting points or a NAVAID and a RP
166
What information does this provide?
The center “NEW YORK center” that’s responsible for that area
167
When using VOR, how much is full deflection on the CDI ?
10 degrees
168
Which 3 things apply so that you don’t have to make radiocalls during entering/exiting holding:
INST training - Military TA facility - Radar services (alle 3 must be present simoustanly)
169
If an aport on the ELA chart is brown - what does that mean for an approach/departure
Must be conducted VFR/VMC
170
What are the differnet possible Missed approach points ?
1) DIST/TIME to NAVAID
2) DA and on glideslope (PA)
3) Station passage at a NAVAID (NPA)
4) At waypoint (gps - eg. RW treshhold)
171
What does the 1700' small letters signify (above maltese cross) ?
The altitude you should be as when reaching the Maltese cross/NAVAID if glideslope is intercepted correcct
172
When is “LOM” written on the chart ?
When the NDB and the outer marker is co located
173
When doing an ILS approach and in “Approach” mode, what does 1 dot on the CDI signify ?
1.25 degresse
174
# Chart
What is this ?
Marker beacon
175
If ILS glide slope fails / doesn't work - what does that approach revert to =
Non precison LOC approach
176
E6B for holding entry
1. Choose LH/RH pattern
2. "True index" = HDG to NAVAID
3. Find outbound heading (same as inbound radial)
**Answer**
Read picture (Teardrop, parallel, direkt)
177
Does all NPA use Final approach fix *(maltese cross)*
No - some have a FAP
178
What's the missed approach point for the LNAV ?
## Footnote
LNAV = space based - NPA
Waypoint RW06
179
What source does the GCA primarally use for guidance
Radar
180
What are the two types of radars used for GCA's ?
1. Airport surveillance radar
2. Precision approach radar
181
ASR covers ____ degrees in an area out to ____ NM
360º - 60 NM
182
PAR covers the ____ course of the ____ that it's aligned to
Final Approach course
Runway
183
Does ASR use both surveillance and precision radar to complete approach?
No
184
Does PAR use both surveillance and precision radar to complete approach?
Yes
185
When flying PAR/ASR how does one determine what the missed approach procedure is ?
Controller will provide prior to final approach
186
When will the PAR approach control cease to provide guidance ?
When pilot report
"RW/app light in sight"
or
"Proceeding visual"
187
Because the following note only apply to *S-LOC 6*
188
Which of the following does/can the **precision approach/non-precision approach** use for Final approach guidance
*NDB,LOC,GPS,RADAR,VOR*
**Precison approach** can use:
LOC, RADAR, GPS
**Non-precision approach** can uses:
VOR, NDB, GPS, RADAR,VOR
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The precision approach and APV uses ____ for lateral guidance and ____ or ____ for vertical guidance
The precision approach and APV uses **NAVAID** for lateral guidance and **Glideslope** or **Glidepath** (APV) for vertical guidance
