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UH 72 > EXAM (TFO) > Flashcards

EXAM (TFO) Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the purpose of “Terrain flight modes” ?

A

The use of appropriate flight modes diminishes the enemy’s capability to acquire, track and engage a/c

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of “Terrain flight modes”

A
  1. Low level
  2. Contour
  3. Nap of the earth (NOE)
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3
Q

Terrain flight modes

What defines “NOE” flight

A
  • Flight conducted at varying IAS as close to the earths surface as vegetation and obstacles permit
  • NVG: 0-25’ above trees and vegetation in flight path
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4
Q

Terrain flight modes

What defines “Contour” flight

A
  • Flight conducted at low altitudes conforming to the earths contours
  • Characterized by relatively constant IAS and varying altitudes as dictated by terrain and obstacles
  • NVG: 25-80’ above heighest obstacle (AHO)
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5
Q

Terrain flight modes

What defines “Low level” flight

A
  • Flight performed at constant altitude and airspeed, dictated by threat avoidance
  • NVG: 80-200’ AHO (IAS according to limits and operational requirements)
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6
Q

Terrain flight modes

What’s the difference in altitudes when flying terrain flight mode:
1. NOE
2. Contour
3. Low level

A
  1. 0-25’ above vegetation
  2. 25-80’ AHO
  3. 80-200’ AHO

AHO = Above heighest obstacle

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7
Q

Terrain flight modes

What’s the difference in IAS and altitude when flying the following terrain modes:
1. NOE
2. Contour
3. Low level

A
  1. Varying airspeed - as close to vegetation as permittable
  2. Relatively constant airspeed - varying altitudes
  3. Constant airspeed and altitude

Dictated by threat and vegetation

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8
Q

What does mountainous terrain restrict ?

A

Line of sight (LOS) radios

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9
Q

What are the limitations regarding: stress factors during terrain flight ?

A
  • Increased work loads
  • Limited field of view using NVDs
  • Reduced visual acuity, viewing distances and depth perception
  • More complex aircrew coordination
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10
Q

What’s the difference between contour flight and low level flight ?

A

Contour flight utilizes varying altitude, while low level flight utilizes contant altitude

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11
Q

How does NOE flight differ from contour and low level flight ?

A

NOE utilizes varying airspeed, while contour and low-level flight utilize constant airspeed

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12
Q

What’s the primary factor in the choice of mode for terrain flight ?

A

Enemy

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13
Q

What does jungle and heavily wooded areas lack ?

A

Forced landing sites

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14
Q

What do we need to be aware of then flying in mountain areas ?

A
  • Rapidly changing weather
  • A/C performance decrease
  • Crew fatigue due to altitude (hypoxia)
  • Special flight techniques
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15
Q

What is METT-TC and abbreviation for ?

A

Mission
Enemy
Terrain & Weather
Troops
Time
Civil considerations

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16
Q

When should METT-TC be considered

A

Through all phases of tactical operations

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17
Q

In terms of METT-TC, what is the primary determining factor for choosing a flight mode ?

A

Enemy

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18
Q

MAp selection

What is “Aerial photography” good for ?

A
  • Extremely current data regarding route, ACPs and checkpoints
  • Excellent ressource for updating maps

AHP = army heli port ?

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19
Q

If available - what type op map would you use when flying NOE ?

A

Topographic - because it provides the most detail (BWS MAP book)

"Topographic maps render the three-dimensional ups and downs of the terrain on a two-dimensional surface. Topographic maps usually portray both natural and manmade features. They show and name works of nature including mountains, valleys, plains, lakes, rivers, and vegetation."

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20
Q

If a topographic map isn’t available, what should your next choice be ? why ?

A

JOG - because it provides detailed terrain relief but not as much as a topographic

"The Joint Operations Graphic-Air is an aeronautical chart for international and joint service air/ground tactical operations that focuses on identifying horizontal control points and low altitude air navigation hazards."

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21
Q

If possible make separate ____ and ____ routes

A

If possible make separate ingress and egress routes

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22
Q

Why should you avoid flying over a large field ?

A

Because doing so would be tactically unsound as it would increase the possibilityof enemy detection

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23
Q

Why should you avoid flying towards a setting sun ?

A

Hazards such as birds, wires and other a/c can be very difficult to see

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24
Q

What’s a contact point ?

A

In air operations, it’s the position at which a mission leader makes radio contact with Air Control Agency

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25
Q

What is a start point?
(SP)

How is it indicated on the map

A

An ACP used as initial point on the route

after which the course must be followed and airspeed/altitude may need to be maintained depending upon mode of flight.

Indicated by a square on the map

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26
Q

What’s a release Point ?
(RP)

How is it indicated on the map

A

An ACP used as the last point along a route

after which the pilot may adjust course, airspeed and altitude to remain tactical - NOT the point at which you land

Indicated by a square on the map

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27
Q

What is a checkpoint ?
(CP)

A

Landmark selected along or adjacent to flight route used to fix aircrafts position

should be selected between ACP’s to ensure on course on time

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28
Q

What should you avoid when selecting ACP’s ?

A
  • Near to towns that may have grown
  • Near bright lights
  • Using manmade objets as primary points
  • Within shadows cast vy other features
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29
Q

How far out should you highlight beacons and cities - in relation to route ?

“Light sources”

A

Atleast 15 NM out

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30
Q

What minimum information shall the doghouses provide the crew ?

A

1) Designator of next waypoint
2) Magnetic heading to next waypoint
3) The dist. to next waypoint
4) ETE to next waypoint

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31
Q

What is barriers and what are they used for ?

A

Prominent features which when seen indicate that an ACP, CO or object has been overflown

Difficult ACP with excellent barrier is better that a good ACP without a barrier

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32
Q

What are the types of barriers ?

exampels

A

Linear
Power lines, roads, railroad tracks
Funnel most prefered
Bridge over water ( 2 lineal features from where navigation can be resumed )
Road intersection
Point least prefered
eg. Watertower
Excellent if you DO see it - But can be hard to find
Time/dist
Best used in conjunction with a barrier

3-8 KM away from what it is used for

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33
Q

What’s a contingency plan ?

A

A backup plan used when objective has not been identified

Begins at easily identifiable point- preferably within 3-8 km of objective at which navigation can be restarted

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34
Q

Which barrier is most difficult to use ?

A

Point barrier (which could be hidden by terrain)

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35
Q

How is magnetic variation used on your route card obtained ?

A

Added or subtracted from grid N found on the map legend or on the VFR sectional

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36
Q

What are the techniques to avoid being detected ?

A
  • Keep low
  • Vary IAS, ALT, course
  • Minimize exposure to enemy
  • Avoid/limit time around:
    ridgelines, open/flat areas, flying parallel to vegetation
  • As close to ground as vegetation and features will permit
  • avoid situations with no maneuver room
  • Have evasive maneuvers planned
  • Only use commo equipment when necessary and limit time transmitting
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37
Q

When flying parallel to vegetated area, fly ____ and ____ vegetation

A

When flying parallel to vegetated area, fly below and near vegetation

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38
Q

Terrain flight navigation definition

A

The technique of directing an aircraft along a desired course at reduced altitudes (below 200’)

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39
Q

Why is terrain flight navigation difficult ?

A

Due to a near flat visual angle - cuased by low aircraft altitude

As opposed to the “birds eye view” when reading the map

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40
Q

Name the three navigation techniques

A
  • Pilotage
  • Dead reckoning
  • Radio navigation
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41
Q

Describe: Pilotage

A

Navigation by correlation between features observed along the route and their depiction on the map

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42
Q

Describe: Dead reckoning

A

Navigation by computations based on groundspeed, ground track and elapsed times

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43
Q

Describe: Radio navigation

A

Navigation by the use of radio aids located on the ground (and those installed within the aircraft that need no external source)

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44
Q

Which navigation technique should you use when flying NOE ?

A

Pilotage

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45
Q
A

F -> G

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46
Q

All roads have ____

A

wires

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47
Q

What’s the 3 ways to cross a wire

A
  • Overfly at or near pole/superstructure
  • Underfly
  • Midway between/above poles
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48
Q

Name the benefits/hazards:
Overflying wire at pole

A

Pole is easier to see than wires
pole provide visual cue for estimating height

Hazards: IEDs placed on top of poles along popular flight routes

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49
Q

Name the benefits/hazards:
Overflying wire at midpoint

A

May be necessary in a hostile enviroment to avoid possible IEDs placedat the top of poles

Hazards: Difficult to judge height above wires, wires may be strung taut (still have to cross at pole height)

50
Q

Name the benefits/hazards:
Underflying wires

A

Allows you to stay low and out of the enemys LOS

Hazards: Difficult to judge clearance from wires + attacks on electrical power infrastructure

51
Q

Cardinal rule: In adverse weather, never ____ your ____

A

Cardinal rule: In adverse weather, never out-fly your visibility

52
Q

Where is the safest place to over-fly wires in a non-hostile enviroment

A

At a pole or superstructure

53
Q

Which factor of geographic orientation is dominant in the NOE enviroment ?

A

Restricted area in view

54
Q

Which factor of geographic orientation changes the appearance (shape) of feature at terrain flight altitudes compared to as depicted on the map ?

A

Oblique view of terrain

55
Q

Name the Geographic orientation factors

There is 7

A

- Restricted area of view
dominant characteristic of NOE enviroment, don’t overestimate the range at which a checkpoint can be seen
- Oblique view of terrain
Shapes isn’t the same to the aviator in flight as it appears on map
- Terrain and vegetation masking
Restricted view when flying masking mainly due to to terrain and vegetation, but the lower you fly, the less lkely you are to be noticed
- Vertical development
A checkpoint can be hidden by vertical growth of vegetation
- Restricted time in view
Features are only in viewing distance for a short time
- Angle of approach
Is the most important determinant of the visibility of linear features - must be carefully considered during map study
- Timing and sequence
“dead reckoning” = Not the best navigation technique for NOE, use primarely as cues for identifying checkpoints / reject false identifications

56
Q

Name the 3 types of contour lines on a map

A

Index
Intermediate
Supplementary

57
Q

What is the key for terrain contour interpretation ?

A

Contour interval

altitude changes between contour lines

58
Q

What’s Intermittent hydro features on maps ?

Rivers and streams

A

Features containing water for an average of under 6 months annually
Depicted Blue segmented line

Width < 25m

59
Q

What’s Perennial hydro features on maps ?

Rivers and streams

A

Features containing water for average of more than 6 months annually
Depicted: solid blue line

Width < 25m

60
Q

What’s minimum plotted length for any bridge ?

A

75m

61
Q

What is a major consideration when selecting an aerial checkpoint ?

A

Vertical development

62
Q

Considering AMPS:
Feature/s of the system is:

a) Battle synchronization
b) Tactical planning
c) Automated mission planning
d) All of the above

A

d
(All of the above)

63
Q

AMPS information can be generated in what formats ?

A

Electronic and/or printed output

64
Q

Regarding the limitations to terrain flight - Which of the choices below was not included ?
a) LOS radio limitation
b) Increased workloads
c) Insufficient mission planning time
d) Increased stress factors

A

C
(Insufficient mission planning time)

65
Q

How many mode of terrain flight are there ?

A

C
( 3 modes )

66
Q

During mission planning:
What should be considered when designating ingree/egress routes ?

A

Ingress & egress should always be different if possible

67
Q

What are the four types of barriers used for terrain flight navigation ?

A

Linear, Funnel, point, time/distance

68
Q

RULE OF THUMB / exam fill in the blank

When applying the time/distance barrier it is necessary to know that for every 30 kts of airspeed the aircraft will travel approximately ____ km’s per minute of flight

A

1 KM = 0.54 NM

69
Q

Which is the preferred map to use when conducting en-route planning on most long range missions ?

A

1:250.000 JOG

Joint operations grafic - For international and joint service tactical operations

70
Q

What are the in-flight contingencies that may be encountered ?

A

Aircraft emergencies
System malfunctions
Lost commo
Relief on station

71
Q

How many masking/unmasking techniques are there ?

A

Three

72
Q

What are the masking/unmasking techniques

A

Vertical
Lateral
In-flight

73
Q

“Restrited area in view” is a dominant factor in what mode of terrain flight ?

A

NOE

74
Q

When evaluating a hydrographic feature, the most important characteristic from the standpoint of visual ref. is ?

A

The area size of the feature

75
Q

A stream that contain water less than 6 months of the year and has a width less than 25 meters is depicted by ?

A

Single broken blue line

76
Q

What is the best type of map to use for analyzing terrain and vegetation ?

A

Topographic

77
Q

Release point:
How is it depicted ?

A

Square

78
Q

What’s the purpose of the release point ?

A

To indicate the last point along the route

79
Q

What may the pilot have to do after reaching the RP (Release point) ?

Mnemonic

A

Adjust course, altitude and airspeed to remain tactical

Adjust for effects of TLOW
(Tactical situation, Long axis, obstacles and wind)

80
Q

How is a start point depicted ?

A

Square

81
Q

What should the pilot do after reaching start point ?

A

Follow course and altitude= airspeed may need to be maintained (flight mode depending)

82
Q

How far from t/o and landing location should RP & SP be ?

A

3-8 NM/km

83
Q

Select CPs between ACPs to ensure ____

A

on-course navigation and time management

84
Q

What should the distance be between ACPs ?

A

5-20 km/NM

Closer when we get closer to RP

85
Q

ACP should be a ____ point

A

ACP should be a easily identifiable point

86
Q

An ACP is depicted by ?

A

A circle

87
Q

Do we have to fly over an ACP ?

A

Yes

88
Q

Do we have to fly over a CP ?

A

No it can be adjacent to the course

Used for orientation

89
Q

Post all hazards not less than ____ NM on either side of the course line

A

10 NM

90
Q

What type of heading is used for routes and what must be applied to the map course

A

Magnetic heading
GMA (grid magnetic heading) - magnetic variation

GMA must be added to obtain Magnetic heading from map

91
Q

Generally it is recommended to use KM when map scale is less than (not including) ____

A

1:250.000

92
Q

Generally it is recommended to use NM when map scale is ____ and larger

A

1:250.000

93
Q

How should the doghouses be oriented ?

A

Direction of flight

94
Q

Selecting prominent barrier near ACPs particularly when planning ____

A

significant turns

95
Q

Rule of thumb: If you fly 90 KIAS you will travel ____ in 1 minute

A

3 KM

96
Q

If you fly 120 KIAS you will travel ____ in 2 minutes

A

8 KM

97
Q

Objective card displays ____

A

Our objective - where we want to land / LZs and PZs

98
Q

Objective card displays ____

A

Our objective - where we want to land / LZs and PZs

99
Q

Terrain flight operations discription

A

“Terrain flight is a tactical that uses terrain, vegetatin and manmade objects to mask a/c from visual, optical, thermal and electronic detection systems.”

100
Q

Name the 3 types of maps + the 1 thing that can provide you with most current information

A

VFR sectional
JOG
Topographic 1:50.000
Current info: Arial photography

101
Q

How do we cross major roads, railroads and hydrographic features ?

A

90 degrees

102
Q

What’s the difference between consealment and cover ?

A

Consealment only hides
Cover both hides and protects

103
Q

What’s the problem with flying over desserts and big lakes ect. ?

A

Area of low contrast - exposion

104
Q

What may you have to adjust for after your RP (release point) ?

A

The effects of TLOW
(Tactical situation, Long-axis, Obstacles, wind)

105
Q

What should the distance be from your object/point to the barrier ?

could it be shorter?

A

3-8 km

Yes if it makes sense

106
Q

What is a ACP

A

Air control point

RP, SP

107
Q

what’s a major consideration when selecting an ACP?

A

Vertical development

108
Q

What should the size of a buiding be before it’s depicted on the maps ?

A

30x30m

109
Q

What’s the problem with road interpretation on maps ?

A

difficult to correlate to the map

110
Q

What is critical in regard to SEEing railroads

(not identifying)

A

Angle of approach

111
Q

Vegetation less than ____ is depicted as a ____

A

3m
Clearing

112
Q

Terrain relief - key features
Name the 5 major & 3 minor

A

Major
Hills, saddles, valleys, ridges, depressions
minor
Draws, spurs, cliffs

113
Q

What is the best type of map to use for analyzing terrain and vegetation ?

A

Topographic

114
Q

TC 3-04.4

When flying below 200’ AGL you should use NM/KM ?

A

KM

115
Q

Planning long range terrain flight missions, use ____ map

A

JOG map

116
Q

Lack of communication results in ____

A

decentralized control

117
Q

What can minimixe aircrew stress during terrain flight operations ?

A

Frequent training
physical training
Flight planning
Preparation

118
Q

The topographic map is normally used when flying ____ AHO and below

A

200’

119
Q

When possible aviators plan en-route altitudes at ____ to redue risk and avoid terrain flight hazards

A

200-500’

120
Q

Why should we avoid using manmade objects as primay points ?

A

“Man put it there, man take is away”

UH 72 (42 decks)

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