EXAM (TFO) Flashcards
1
Q
What’s the purpose of “Terrain flight modes” ?
A
The use of appropriate flight modes diminishes the enemy’s capability to acquire, track and engage a/c
2
Q
What are the 3 types of “Terrain flight modes”
A
- Low level
- Contour
- Nap of the earth (NOE)
3
Q
Terrain flight modes
What defines “NOE” flight
A
- Flight conducted at varying IAS as close to the earths surface as vegetation and obstacles permit
- NVG: 0-25’ above trees and vegetation in flight path
4
Q
Terrain flight modes
What defines “Contour” flight
A
- Flight conducted at low altitudes conforming to the earths contours
- Characterized by relatively constant IAS and varying altitudes as dictated by terrain and obstacles
- NVG: 25-80’ above heighest obstacle (AHO)
5
Q
Terrain flight modes
What defines “Low level” flight
A
- Flight performed at constant altitude and airspeed, dictated by threat avoidance
- NVG: 80-200’ AHO (IAS according to limits and operational requirements)
6
Q
Terrain flight modes
What’s the difference in altitudes when flying terrain flight mode:
1. NOE
2. Contour
3. Low level
A
- 0-25’ above vegetation
- 25-80’ AHO
- 80-200’ AHO
AHO = Above heighest obstacle
7
Q
Terrain flight modes
What’s the difference in IAS and altitude when flying the following terrain modes:
1. NOE
2. Contour
3. Low level
A
- Varying airspeed - as close to vegetation as permittable
- Relatively constant airspeed - varying altitudes
- Constant airspeed and altitude
Dictated by threat and vegetation
8
Q
What does mountainous terrain restrict ?
A
Line of sight (LOS) radios
9
Q
What are the limitations regarding: stress factors during terrain flight ?
A
- Increased work loads
- Limited field of view using NVDs
- Reduced visual acuity, viewing distances and depth perception
- More complex aircrew coordination
10
Q
What’s the difference between contour flight and low level flight ?
A
Contour flight utilizes varying altitude, while low level flight utilizes contant altitude
11
Q
How does NOE flight differ from contour and low level flight ?
A
NOE utilizes varying airspeed, while contour and low-level flight utilize constant airspeed
12
Q
What’s the primary factor in the choice of mode for terrain flight ?
A
Enemy
13
Q
What does jungle and heavily wooded areas lack ?
A
Forced landing sites
14
Q
What do we need to be aware of then flying in mountain areas ?
A
- Rapidly changing weather
- A/C performance decrease
- Crew fatigue due to altitude (hypoxia)
- Special flight techniques
15
Q
What is METT-TC and abbreviation for ?
A
Mission
Enemy
Terrain & Weather
Troops
Time
Civil considerations
16
Q
When should METT-TC be considered
A
Through all phases of tactical operations
17
Q
In terms of METT-TC, what is the primary determining factor for choosing a flight mode ?
A
Enemy
18
Q
MAp selection
What is “Aerial photography” good for ?
A
- Extremely current data regarding route, ACPs and checkpoints
- Excellent ressource for updating maps
AHP = army heli port ?
19
Q
If available - what type op map would you use when flying NOE ?
A
Topographic - because it provides the most detail (BWS MAP book)
"Topographic maps render the three-dimensional ups and downs of the terrain on a two-dimensional surface. Topographic maps usually portray both natural and manmade features. They show and name works of nature including mountains, valleys, plains, lakes, rivers, and vegetation."
20
Q
If a topographic map isn’t available, what should your next choice be ? why ?
A
JOG - because it provides detailed terrain relief but not as much as a topographic
"The Joint Operations Graphic-Air is an aeronautical chart for international and joint service air/ground tactical operations that focuses on identifying horizontal control points and low altitude air navigation hazards."
21
Q
If possible make separate ____ and ____ routes
A
If possible make separate ingress and egress routes
22
Q
Why should you avoid flying over a large field ?
A
Because doing so would be tactically unsound as it would increase the possibilityof enemy detection
23
Q
Why should you avoid flying towards a setting sun ?
A
Hazards such as birds, wires and other a/c can be very difficult to see
24
Q
What’s a contact point ?
A
In air operations, it’s the position at which a mission leader makes radio contact with Air Control Agency
25
What is a start point?
(**SP**)
| How is it indicated on the map
An ACP used as **initial point on the route**
*after which the course must be followed and airspeed/altitude may need to be maintained depending upon mode of flight.*
**Indicated by a square on the map**
26
What's a release Point ?
(**RP**)
| How is it indicated on the map
An ACP used as the **last point along a route**
*after which the pilot may adjust course, airspeed and altitude to remain tactical - NOT the point at which you land*
**Indicated by a square on the map**
27
What is a checkpoint ?
(**CP**)
Landmark selected **along or adjacent** to flight route used to **fix aircrafts position**
| should be selected between ACP's to ensure on course on time
28
What should you avoid when selecting ACP's ?
- Near to towns that may have grown
- Near bright lights
- Using manmade objets as primary points
- Within shadows cast vy other features
29
How far out should you highlight beacons and cities - in relation to route ?
| "Light sources"
Atleast 15 NM out
30
What minimum information shall the doghouses provide the crew ?
1) Designator of next waypoint
2) Magnetic heading to next waypoint
3) The dist. to next waypoint
4) ETE to next waypoint
31
What is barriers and what are they used for ?
Prominent features which when seen **indicate** that an ACP, CO or **object has been overflown**
## Footnote
`Difficult ACP with excellent barrier is better that a good ACP without a barrier`
32
What are the types of barriers ?
| **exampels**
**Linear**
Power lines, roads, railroad tracks
**Funnel** `most prefered`
Bridge over water ( 2 lineal features from where navigation can be resumed )
Road intersection
**Point** `least prefered`
eg. Watertower
Excellent if you DO see it - But can be hard to find
**Time/dist**
Best used in conjunction with a barrier
| 3-8 KM away from what it is used for
33
What's a contingency plan ?
A backup plan used when objective has not been identified
## Footnote
*Begins at easily identifiable **point**- preferably within 3-8 km of objective at which **navigation** can be **restarted***
34
Which barrier is most difficult to use ?
Point barrier (which could be hidden by terrain)
35
How is magnetic variation used on your route card obtained ?
Added or subtracted from grid N found on the map legend or on the VFR sectional
36
What are the techniques to avoid being detected ?
- Keep low
- Vary IAS, ALT, course
- Minimize exposure to enemy
- Avoid/limit time around:
*ridgelines, open/flat areas, flying parallel to vegetation*
- As close to ground as vegetation and features will permit
- avoid situations with no maneuver room
- Have evasive maneuvers planned
- Only use commo equipment when necessary and limit time transmitting
37
When flying parallel to vegetated area, fly ____ and ____ vegetation
When flying parallel to vegetated area, fly **below** and **near** vegetation
38
Terrain flight navigation definition
The technique of directing an aircraft along a desired course at reduced altitudes (below 200')
39
Why is terrain flight navigation difficult ?
Due to a **near flat visual angle** - cuased by low aircraft altitude
| As opposed to the "birds eye view" when reading the map
40
Name the three navigation techniques
- Pilotage
- Dead reckoning
- Radio navigation
41
Describe: Pilotage
Navigation by correlation between features observed along the route and their depiction on the map
42
Describe: Dead reckoning
Navigation by computations based on groundspeed, ground track and elapsed times
43
Describe: Radio navigation
Navigation by the use of radio aids located on the ground (and those installed within the aircraft that need no external source)
44
Which navigation technique should you use when flying NOE ?
Pilotage
45
F -> G
46
All roads have ____
wires
47
What's the 3 ways to cross a wire
- Overfly at or near pole/superstructure
- Underfly
- Midway between/above poles
48
Name the benefits/hazards:
Overflying wire at pole
Pole is easier to see than wires
pole provide visual cue for estimating height
**Hazards**: IEDs placed on top of poles along popular flight routes
49
Name the benefits/hazards:
Overflying wire at midpoint
May be necessary in a hostile enviroment to avoid possible IEDs placedat the top of poles
**Hazards:** Difficult to judge height above wires, wires may be strung taut (still have to cross at pole height)
50
Name the benefits/hazards:
Underflying wires
Allows you to stay low and out of the enemys LOS
**Hazards**: Difficult to judge clearance from wires + attacks on electrical power infrastructure
51
Cardinal rule: In adverse weather, never ____ your ____
Cardinal rule: In adverse weather, never **out-fly** your **visibility**
52
Where is the safest place to over-fly wires in a non-hostile enviroment
At a pole or superstructure
53
Which factor of geographic orientation is dominant in the NOE enviroment ?
Restricted area in view
54
Which factor of geographic orientation changes the appearance (shape) of feature at terrain flight altitudes compared to as depicted on the map ?
Oblique view of terrain
55
Name the Geographic orientation factors
| There is 7
**- Restricted area of view**
dominant characteristic of NOE enviroment, don't overestimate the range at which a checkpoint can be seen
**- Oblique view of terrain**
Shapes isn't the same to the aviator in flight as it appears on map
**- Terrain and vegetation masking**
Restricted view when flying masking mainly due to to terrain and vegetation, but the lower you fly, the less lkely you are to be noticed
**- Vertical development**
A checkpoint can be hidden by vertical growth of vegetation
**- Restricted time in view**
Features are only in viewing distance for a short time
**- Angle of approach**
Is the most important determinant of the visibility of linear features - must be carefully considered during map study
**- Timing and sequence**
"dead reckoning" = Not the best navigation technique for NOE, use primarely as cues for identifying checkpoints / reject false identifications
56
Name the 3 types of contour lines on a map
Index
Intermediate
Supplementary
57
What is the key for terrain contour interpretation ?
Contour interval
| altitude changes between contour lines
58
What's **Intermittent hydro features** on maps ?
| Rivers and streams
Features **containing water** for an average of **under 6 months annually**
Depicted Blue segmented line
| `Width < 25m`
59
What's **Perennial hydro features** on maps ?
| Rivers and streams
Features **containing water** for average of **more than 6 months annually**
Depicted: solid blue line
| `Width < 25m`
60
What's minimum plotted length for any bridge ?
75m
61
What is a major consideration when selecting an aerial checkpoint ?
Vertical development
62
Considering AMPS:
**Feature/s of the system is:**
a) Battle synchronization
b) Tactical planning
c) Automated mission planning
d) All of the above
d
(All of the above)
63
AMPS information can be generated in what formats ?
Electronic and/or printed output
64
Regarding the limitations to terrain flight - **Which of the choices below was not included ?**
a) LOS radio limitation
b) Increased workloads
c) Insufficient mission planning time
d) Increased stress factors
C
(Insufficient mission planning time)
65
How many mode of terrain flight are there ?
C
( 3 modes )
66
During mission planning:
**What should be considered when designating ingree/egress routes ?**
Ingress & egress should always be different if possible
67
What are the four types of barriers used for terrain flight navigation ?
Linear, Funnel, point, time/distance
68
# RULE OF THUMB / exam fill in the blank
When applying the time/distance barrier it is necessary to know that for every 30 kts of airspeed the aircraft will travel approximately ____ km's per minute of flight
1 KM = 0.54 NM
69
Which is the preferred map to use when conducting en-route planning on most long range missions ?
1:250.000 JOG
## Footnote
Joint operations grafic - For international and joint service tactical operations
70
What are the in-flight contingencies that may be encountered ?
Aircraft emergencies
System malfunctions
Lost commo
Relief on station
71
How many masking/unmasking techniques are there ?
Three
72
What are the masking/unmasking techniques
Vertical
Lateral
In-flight
73
"Restrited area in view" is a dominant factor in what mode of terrain flight ?
NOE
74
When evaluating a hydrographic feature, the most important characteristic from the standpoint of visual ref. is ?
The area size of the feature
75
A stream that contain water less than 6 months of the year and has a width less than 25 meters is depicted by ?
Single broken blue line
76
What is the best type of map to use for analyzing terrain and vegetation ?
Topographic
77
Release point:
How is it depicted ?
Square
78
What's the purpose of the release point ?
To indicate the last point along the route
79
What may the pilot have to do after reaching the RP (Release point) ?
| Mnemonic
Adjust course, altitude and airspeed to remain tactical
Adjust for effects of TLOW
(Tactical situation, Long axis, obstacles and wind)
80
How is a start point depicted ?
Square
81
What should the pilot do after reaching start point ?
Follow course and altitude= airspeed may need to be maintained (flight mode depending)
82
How far from t/o and landing location should RP & SP be ?
3-8 NM/km
83
Select CPs between ACPs to ensure ____
on-course navigation and time management
84
What should the distance be between ACPs ?
5-20 km/NM
| Closer when we get closer to RP
85
ACP should be a ____ point
ACP should be a **easily identifiable** point
86
An ACP is depicted by ?
A circle
87
Do we have to fly over an ACP ?
Yes
88
Do we have to fly over a CP ?
No it can be adjacent to the course
| Used for orientation
89
Post all hazards not less than ____ NM on either side of the course line
10 NM
90
What type of heading is used for routes and what must be applied to the map course
Magnetic heading
GMA (grid magnetic heading) - magnetic variation
| GMA must be added to obtain Magnetic heading from map
91
Generally it is recommended to use KM when map scale is **less** than (not including) ____
1:250.000
92
Generally it is recommended to use NM when map scale is ____ and **larger**
1:250.000
93
How should the doghouses be oriented ?
Direction of flight
94
Selecting prominent barrier near ACPs particularly when planning ____
significant turns
95
Rule of thumb: If you fly 90 KIAS you will travel ____ in 1 minute
3 KM
96
If you fly 120 KIAS you will travel ____ in 2 minutes
8 KM
97
Objective card displays ____
Our objective - where we want to land / LZs and PZs
98
Objective card displays ____
Our objective - where we want to land / LZs and PZs
99
Terrain flight operations discription
“Terrain flight is a tactical that uses terrain, vegetatin and manmade objects to mask a/c from visual, optical, thermal and electronic detection systems.”
100
Name the 3 types of maps + the 1 thing that can provide you with most current information
VFR sectional
JOG
Topographic 1:50.000
Current info: Arial photography
101
How do we cross major roads, railroads and hydrographic features ?
90 degrees
102
What's the difference between consealment and cover ?
Consealment only hides
Cover both hides and protects
103
What's the problem with flying over desserts and big lakes ect. ?
Area of low contrast - exposion
104
What may you have to adjust for after your RP (release point) ?
The effects of TLOW
(Tactical situation, Long-axis, Obstacles, wind)
105
What should the distance be from your object/point to the barrier ?
| could it be shorter?
3-8 km
| Yes if it makes sense
106
What is a ACP
Air control point
| RP, SP
107
what's a major consideration when selecting an ACP?
Vertical development
108
What should the size of a buiding be before it's depicted on the maps ?
30x30m
109
What's the problem with road interpretation on maps ?
difficult to correlate to the map
110
What is critical in regard to SEEing railroads
| (not identifying)
Angle of approach
111
Vegetation less than ____ is depicted as a ____
3m
Clearing
112
Terrain relief - key features
Name the 5 major & 3 minor
**Major**
Hills, saddles, valleys, ridges, depressions
**minor**
Draws, spurs, cliffs
113
What is the best type of map to use for analyzing terrain and vegetation ?
Topographic
114
# TC 3-04.4
When flying below 200' AGL you should use NM/KM ?
KM
115
Planning long range terrain flight missions, use ____ map
JOG map
116
Lack of communication results in ____
decentralized control
117
What can minimixe aircrew stress during terrain flight operations ?
Frequent training
physical training
Flight planning
Preparation
118
The topographic map is normally used when flying ____ AHO and below
200'
119
When possible aviators plan en-route altitudes at ____ to redue risk and avoid terrain flight hazards
200-500'
120
Why should we avoid using manmade objects as primay points ?
"Man put it there, man take is away"
