(P) Lec 3.1 Atrial Flagellates Flashcards
modular-based
Atrial flagellates also referred as
luminal flagellates
Atrial flagellates belongs to the phylum and subphylum?
phylum Protozoa and subphylum Mastigophora.
They are said to have several long, delicate, and thread-like extensions of their cytoplasm called
Flagella
TOF. The flagella are present in the trophozoite form.
T
The flagella are present in the trophozoite form with the exception of?? which has a pseudopodium instead
Dientamoeba fragilis
The neuromotor apparatus consists (2)?
kinetoplast and axonomeme
has blepharoplast and parabasal body
kinetoplast
with or without free flagellum
axoneme
with or without free
structure of the flagellum is a continuation of the axoneme.
axial
Some species have rudimentary mouth called a
cytostome
Reproduction is through (2)
- longitudinal binary fission – mitotic (nucleus)
- binary division of kinetoplast (cytoplasm)
have cyst and trophozoite forms:
A. Chilomastix mesnili
B. T. vaginalis
A
+ Giardia duodenalis, Dientamoeba fragilis
The other exist as tropho only
TOF. duodenalis, D. fragilis and T. vaginalis are pathogenic.
T
Giardia duodenalis formerly known as
G. lamblia
etiologic parasite of giardiasis
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
A. exhibit habitat specificity
B. traveler’s diarrhea
C. commensal parasite living in the cecum
B
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
A. common in cool climates
B. prevalent among adults than children
C. colonizes upper portions of the small intestine
C
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
This parasite multiplies through
Longitudinal binary fission
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
A. motility is erratic
B. slow oscillation along the long axis
C. produces falling-leaf or gliding kite-like motion
ALL
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
- 8-12 X 7-10μm, usually ovoid in shape, with finely granular cytoplasm that is clearly separated from the cyst wall resulting to “retracted cytoplasm”
- Young cyst has 2 nuclei, mature ones have 4
- Axonemes appear as four pairs of curved bristles
Cyst
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
- 9-21x5-15x2-4μm,bilaterallyand symmetrically pear-shaped, with rounded anterior, attenuated posterior and convex dorsal side.
- Ventral part has a shallow concavity
- Two spherical or oval nuclei with large central karyosome lying in the sucking disc at the anterior portion of body
- Four pairs of flagella: lateral pair (crossed), lateral pair (uncrossed), central pair and posterior pair.
- Parabasal bodies: two, slightly curved, sausage-shaped, lying transversely or obliquely just posterior to the sucking disc.
Tropho
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Diagnostic parts of the cyst (2)?
retracted cytoplasm & axonemes appear as four pairs of curved
bristle
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Ventral part of a tropho has a shallow concavity called?
sucking disc with a notched posterior
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
What part of the tropho is used for attachment?
sucking disc with a notched posterior
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Tropho: Two spherical or oval nuclei with large central karyosome lying in the sucking disc at the anterior portion of body producing the so-called (appearance)?
“old man with eye-glasses appearance”
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Four pairs of flagella
- lateral pair (crossed)
- lateral pair (uncrossed)
- central pair and
- posterior pair
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Tropho: What do you call this two, slightly curved, sausage-shaped, lying transversely or obliquely just posterior to the sucking disc
parabasal bodies
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Infection is through?
ingestion of a mature viable cyst in contaminated foods and drinks
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
TOF. Cysts can pass through gastric juices and undergo encystation in the duodenum.
F (excystation)
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
TOF. Cysts attach and inhabit the walls of the duodenum and proximal jejunum.
F (Tropho)
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
In heavy infection, trophozoites may reach the?
bile ducts and gall bladder
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
TOF. Tropho feed on mucus secretions but are unable to invade tissues.
T
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
TOF. Encystation takes place in the intestine and trophozoites are evacuated with the feces.
F (cysts)
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Cysts can reach through, except:
A. fingers
B. misconnection of drainage
C. vegtable fertilizer
D. anal-oral contact
NOTA
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
favorable for transmission for cysts
anal-oral contact
prevalence of giardiasis among homosexual men
clinical manifestations of this parasite infection vary from, asymptomatic, mild diarrhea, to nutritional disorders, weight loss and even failure to thrive
G. duodenalis
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Incubation period
2-3 weeks
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
first manifestation of acute infections:
A. bloating
B. abdominal cramps and anorexia
C. nausea and loss of appetite
C
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
These are usually followed by an abrupt onset of?
after the first manifestation
explosive, watery, foul-smelling diarrhea
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
TOF. the stool have blood or mucus.
T
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
This acute stage of the disease is usually self-limiting and will resolve in how many days?
3 - 4 days
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
attached to duodenal mucosa, can cause shortening or blunting of the intestinal villi with foci of inflammation of crypts and lamina propia of the intestine
tropho
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Biopsy of what organ will show blunt or shortened villi, reduced height of mucosal columnar epithelial cells and hypercellularity of lamina propia?
Tropho: Jejunum
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Trophozoites irritate duodenal mucosa causing increase of?
mucus secretion
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
TOF. Numerous trophozoites carpet the intestinal mucosa promoting absorption of fats.
F (preventing)
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Increase mucus secretion, irritation, and deranged fat absorption result to?
steatorrhea
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Absorption of (3) is impaired
tropho
carotene, folate, and vitamin B12
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
production of (2) can also be greatly reduced
Tropho
disaccharides and other mucosal enzymes
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Uptake of bile salts by the organisms may inhibit normal biologic activity of the pancreatic lipases that can lead to?
malabsorption syndrome
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
The gall bladder may be involved, causing (2), through obstruction of the biliary passages or irritation and edema of the ampulla of Vater
gall bladder colic and jaundice
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Long ago, visitors to the former Soviet Union who became ill due to giardiasis with severe diarrhea were said to be suffering from what was called as
Leningrad’s curse.
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Laboratory Diagnosis is confirmed by demonstrating cysts or trophozoites in:
A. String test
B. Concentration method
B. Direct fecal smears
ALL
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
preferred for the diagnosis of Giardia infections.
Direct fecal smear
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
To increase yield of positive results, what is employed?
concentration method
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
An old method to recover the organisms, especially trophozoites, was the?
String test
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
The patient is asked to swallow a piece of string with a gelatin capsule used as weight. The string is withdrawn the next day and the bile- stained part, likely to contain trophozoites, is washed with saline
String test
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
TOF. Serologic tests that may be used for diagnosis or research purposes.
T
ELISA, immunofluorescence, and counter immunoelectrophoresis
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
TOF. Only symptomatic individuals should be given antimicrobial therapy.
T
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Most used antibiotic for Giardia infection
Metronidazole
GIARDIA DUODENALIS
Medications
Medications such as Metronidazole, Tinidazole and Nitazoxanide
Prevention and Control of Giardia Duodenalis
A. prevent people from using night soils as fertilizers
B. drink tap water only
C. let insects serve as phoretic vectors to contaminate food
D. trust food handlers
E. private education
A
commensal parasite living in the cecum and with cosmopolitan distribution but more prevalent in warm- than cool regions
CHILOMASTIX MESNILI