(P) Lec 3.1 Atrial Flagellates Flashcards by ASHLEY JARED DEFENSOR

Atrial flagellates also referred as

luminal flagellates

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Atrial flagellates belongs to the phylum and subphylum?

phylum Protozoa and subphylum Mastigophora.

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They are said to have several long, delicate, and thread-like extensions of their cytoplasm called

Flagella

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TOF. The flagella are present in the trophozoite form.

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The flagella are present in the trophozoite form with the exception of?? which has a pseudopodium instead

Dientamoeba fragilis

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The neuromotor apparatus consists (2)?

kinetoplast and axonomeme

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has blepharoplast and parabasal body

kinetoplast

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with or without free flagellum

axoneme

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with or without free

structure of the flagellum is a continuation of the axoneme.

axial

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Some species have rudimentary mouth called a

cytostome

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Reproduction is through (2)

longitudinal binary fission – mitotic (nucleus)
binary division of kinetoplast (cytoplasm)

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have cyst and trophozoite forms:
A. Chilomastix mesnili
B. T. vaginalis

+ Giardia duodenalis, Dientamoeba fragilis

The other exist as tropho only

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TOF. duodenalis, D. fragilis and T. vaginalis are pathogenic.

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Giardia duodenalis formerly known as

G. lamblia

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etiologic parasite of giardiasis

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

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GIARDIA DUODENALIS

A. exhibit habitat specificity
B. traveler’s diarrhea
C. commensal parasite living in the cecum

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GIARDIA DUODENALIS

A. common in cool climates
B. prevalent among adults than children
C. colonizes upper portions of the small intestine

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GIARDIA DUODENALIS

This parasite multiplies through

Longitudinal binary fission

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GIARDIA DUODENALIS

A. motility is erratic
B. slow oscillation along the long axis
C. produces falling-leaf or gliding kite-like motion

ALL

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GIARDIA DUODENALIS

8-12 X 7-10μm, usually ovoid in shape, with finely granular cytoplasm that is clearly separated from the cyst wall resulting to “retracted cytoplasm”
Young cyst has 2 nuclei, mature ones have 4
Axonemes appear as four pairs of curved bristles

Cyst

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GIARDIA DUODENALIS

9-21x5-15x2-4μm,bilaterallyand symmetrically pear-shaped, with rounded anterior, attenuated posterior and convex dorsal side.
Ventral part has a shallow concavity
Two spherical or oval nuclei with large central karyosome lying in the sucking disc at the anterior portion of body
Four pairs of flagella: lateral pair (crossed), lateral pair (uncrossed), central pair and posterior pair.
Parabasal bodies: two, slightly curved, sausage-shaped, lying transversely or obliquely just posterior to the sucking disc.

Tropho

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GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Diagnostic parts of the cyst (2)?

retracted cytoplasm & axonemes appear as four pairs of curved
bristle

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GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Ventral part of a tropho has a shallow concavity called?

sucking disc with a notched posterior

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GIARDIA DUODENALIS

What part of the tropho is used for attachment?

sucking disc with a notched posterior

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# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Tropho: Two spherical or oval nuclei with large central karyosome lying in the sucking disc at the anterior portion of body producing the so-called (appearance)?

“old man with eye-glasses appearance”

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Four pairs of flagella

* lateral pair (crossed) * lateral pair (uncrossed) * central pair and * posterior pair

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Tropho: What do you call this two, slightly curved, sausage-shaped, lying transversely or obliquely just posterior to the sucking disc

parabasal bodies

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Infection is through?

ingestion of a mature viable cyst in contaminated foods and drinks

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS TOF. Cysts can pass through gastric juices and undergo encystation in the duodenum.

F (excystation)

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS TOF. Cysts attach and inhabit the walls of the duodenum and proximal jejunum.

F (Tropho)

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS In heavy infection, trophozoites may reach the?

bile ducts and gall bladder

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS TOF. Tropho feed on mucus secretions but are unable to invade tissues.

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS TOF. Encystation takes place in the intestine and trophozoites are evacuated with the feces.

F (cysts)

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Cysts can reach through, except: A. fingers B. misconnection of drainage C. vegtable fertilizer D. anal-oral contact

NOTA

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS favorable for transmission for cysts

anal-oral contact ## Footnote prevalence of giardiasis among homosexual men

clinical manifestations of this parasite infection vary from, asymptomatic, mild diarrhea, to nutritional disorders, weight loss and even failure to thrive

G. duodenalis

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Incubation period

2-3 weeks

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS first manifestation of acute infections: A. bloating B. abdominal cramps and anorexia C. nausea and loss of appetite

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS These are usually followed by an abrupt onset of? | after the first manifestation

explosive, watery, foul-smelling diarrhea

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS TOF. the stool have blood or mucus.

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS This acute stage of the disease is usually self-limiting and will resolve in how many days?

3 - 4 days

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS attached to duodenal mucosa, can cause shortening or blunting of the intestinal villi with foci of inflammation of crypts and lamina propia of the intestine

tropho

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Biopsy of what organ will show blunt or shortened villi, reduced height of mucosal columnar epithelial cells and hypercellularity of lamina propia?

Tropho: Jejunum

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Trophozoites irritate duodenal mucosa causing increase of?

mucus secretion

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS TOF. Numerous trophozoites carpet the intestinal mucosa promoting absorption of fats.

F (preventing)

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Increase mucus secretion, irritation, and deranged fat absorption result to?

steatorrhea

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Absorption of (3) is impaired | tropho

carotene, folate, and vitamin B12

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS production of (2) can also be greatly reduced | Tropho

disaccharides and other mucosal enzymes

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Uptake of bile salts by the organisms may inhibit normal biologic activity of the pancreatic lipases that can lead to?

malabsorption syndrome

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS The gall bladder may be involved, causing (2), through obstruction of the biliary passages or irritation and edema of the ampulla of Vater

gall bladder colic and jaundice

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Long ago, visitors to the former Soviet Union who became ill due to giardiasis with severe diarrhea were said to be suffering from what was called as

Leningrad’s curse.

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Laboratory Diagnosis is confirmed by demonstrating cysts or trophozoites in: A. String test B. Concentration method B. Direct fecal smears

ALL

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS preferred for the diagnosis of Giardia infections.

Direct fecal smear

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS To increase yield of positive results, what is employed?

concentration method

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS An old method to recover the organisms, especially trophozoites, was the?

String test

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS The patient is asked to swallow a piece of string with a gelatin capsule used as weight. The string is withdrawn the next day and the bile- stained part, likely to contain trophozoites, is washed with saline

String test

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS TOF. Serologic tests that may be used for diagnosis or research purposes.

T ## Footnote ELISA, immunofluorescence, and counter immunoelectrophoresis

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS TOF. Only symptomatic individuals should be given antimicrobial therapy.

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Most used antibiotic for Giardia infection

Metronidazole

# GIARDIA DUODENALIS Medications

Medications such as Metronidazole, Tinidazole and Nitazoxanide

# Prevention and Control of Giardia Duodenalis A. prevent people from using night soils as fertilizers B. drink tap water only C. let insects serve as phoretic vectors to contaminate food D. trust food handlers E. private education

commensal parasite living in the cecum and with cosmopolitan distribution but more prevalent in warm- than cool regions

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI This form is resistant to environmental pressures and is the infective stage.

Cyst

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI can be found in the feces, and is/are diagnostic stages

cysts and trophozoites

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology 7–10X4–6μm,pear or lemon-shaped due a protrusion of a portion the cell wall resulting to a nipple-like projection thus, the term lemon shaped.

Cyst

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology Granular cytoplasm usually is separated from the wall at the narrower end.

Cyst

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology Nucleus is Single, large, vesicular nucleus (rarely two)

Cysts

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology Cytoplasm - granular with numerous food vacuoles multiplies by longitudinal binary fission

tropho

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology 6-20 X 3-10m, pear-shaped, asymmetric due to spiral groove at the posterior end.

Tropho

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology Nucleus, medial to the anterior, with small distinct karyosome.

Trophozoite

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology Cytostome, at one side of the nucleus, is well- defined, with both ends rounded and constricted at the middle part (thus described as “hourglass-shaped”).

Trophozoite

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology Cytostome is present in the cytoplasm.

Cyst

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology Flagella (2 short, 1 long), a 4th delicate one in the cytostome.

Tropho

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology Exhibits corkscrew or boring motion or it rotates along longitudinal axis due to the spiral groove.

Trophozoite

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: TOF. Infection is acquired through ingestion of the mature and viable cyst contained in food and/or beverages.

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: TOF. Excystation occurs in the intestine, then, organisms are lodged in the cecum, where they undergo encystation.

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: TOF. actors causing encystation are different as those for other amoeba.

# CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Diagnosis is based on finding cyst and/or trophozoite in?

Direct Fecal Smear

# TRICHOMONADS The trichomonads consist of 3 species that infect man and exist in the trophozoite form only

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS TRICHOMONAS TENAX TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS T. tenax

# TRICHOMONADS Each species is provided with how many flagella?

# TRICHOMONADS TOF. A 5th flagella is lying along the margin of the undulating membrane.

# TRICHOMONADS is at the base of the undulating membrane and with a conspicuous axostyle near the midline

Costa

# TRICHOMONADS species exhibit habitat specificity.

Trichomonas

maximum ability to survive and establish a colony if they are in their particular habitat

Trichomonas

# TRICHOMONADS Multiplication is through

longitudinal binary fission

# TRICHOMONADS the only pathogenic species and inhabits the genitourinary tract especially the urethra, prostate, vaginal walls, and cervix.

T. vaginalis

# TRICHOMONADS lives in the large intestine

Trichomonas hominis

# TRICHOMONADS inhabits the oral cavity

T. tenax

a commensal or non-pathogenic lumen-dweller amoeba

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS

# TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS TOF. Not the cause of diarrhea.

# TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS It inhabits the large intestine, particularly the?

cecum

# TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS TOF. They are more common in warm than cool countries.

# TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS exhibiting a jerky, non-directional motility, and is the is the infective stage.

Trophozoite

# TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS TOF. the cysts survives the passage through the stomach and small intestine, provided it is ingested in a medium such as milk, gruel, or in case of achlorhydria (anacidity of the stomach).

F (trophozoites)

# TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS Laboratory diagnosis is by recovery of trophozoite in?

stool

# TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS TOF. Diagnostic characteristics of an/a stained trophozoite is the successive wave-like movements of the undulating membrane and with spike-like posterior projection of the axostyle

F (unstained)

# TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS For the stained trophozoite it is the prominent (2)?

costa and axostyle

# TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS TOF. They are considered non-pathogenic.

T ## Footnote hence the presence of trophozoites in stool samples may indicate fecal contamination of a food or water source.

# TRICHOMONAS primarily lives in the tartar around the teeth, cavities of carious teeth, necrotic mucosa cells in gingival margins of gums, pyorrhetic pockets, and tonsillar crypts.

TENAX

quite resistant to changes in temperature and can survive several hours in drinking water

TRICHOMONAS TENAX

# TRICHOMONAS TENAX Manner of Transmission: A. Airborne in congested areas B. Droplet spray from the mouth

# TRICHOMONAS TENAX Infection is diagnosed through recovery of trophozoites from?

tartar or scrapings between the teeth, gingival margins, tonsilar crypts, or the mouth.

etiologic agent of trichomoniasis also known as ping-pong infection

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS The reason is due to the recurrent infections among females since males are often asymptomatic thus, may not be given attention during treatment

ping-pong infection

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Specific conditions depend on areas affected such as trichomonal in the vagina

vaginitis

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Specific conditions depend on areas affected such as trichomonal in the urethra

urethritis

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Specific conditions depend on areas affected such as trichomonal in the prostate

prostatovesiculitis

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Specific conditions depend on areas affected such as trichomonal in the cervix

cervicitis

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Nucleus: #

1 ## Footnote large, oval-shaped and situated at the anterior part

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Shape

pear-shaped ## Footnote 7 – 23 X 5 – 12m

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TOF. Rigid ndulating membrane on one side and opposite is a thin axostyle.

F (opposite)

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Diagnostic

Cytoplasm ## Footnote illed with numerous siderophil granules

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS motion on fresh specimen

Jerky-tumbling

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS 4 – 5, at the anterior part, with the last one often adherent to the undulating membrane

Flagella

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TOF. They prefer slightly alkaline environment or somewhat more acidic than that of healthy vagina

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TOF. can survive on dry sponges for several hours

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS The peak incidence of vaginal trichomoniasis occurs between ages

16 – 35 ## Footnote the time sexual activity is at its greatest

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TOF. from infected mother to a female newborn is possible

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS incubation period

4-28 days

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS trophozoites attach to what cells resulting to irritation and inflammation

mucosal

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TOF. use of public toilets is a another mode of transmission.

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS he proliferating colonies cause degeneration and desquamation of vaginal epithelium followed by?

white blood cell infiltration ## Footnote yeyyy

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS color of the discharge that forms a pool at the posterior vaginal fornix

rothy, seropurulent, creamy, yellowish

There may be an increased incidence of endometritis after delivery and erosion of the cervix that may lead to chronic cervicitis, which, in turn, predisposes the woman to development of?????

cervical malignancy

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TOF. Most of the infected people do not have any signs or symptoms.

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Females often complain of vaginal itching, chafing, and burning sensation with profuse irritating discharge that contains plenty of white blood cells called?

leukorrhea

TOF. large number of trophozoites and leukocytes is responsible in producing vaginal secretion, that is orange- or brownish in color

F (greenish or yellowish)

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TOF. Most men seek medical attention.

F ## Footnote Since most infections among males are tolerable, there is a tendency for them not to seek medical attention thus, no treatment at all, allowing the possibility of recurrences of the infection among females hence, the term ping pong infection.

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS specimen of choice

Urine

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS read the clinical manifestation

thansk u

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS male patients may be diagnosed using?

prostatic secretions

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TOF. Trichomonas tenax that maybe present in the stool maybe mistaken for T. vaginalis.

F (hominis)

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS To increase yield of positive results, trophozoites may be grown using?

modified Diamond’s culture medium

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS TOF. Serologic tests, such as ELISA, immunofluorescence, and counter immunoelectrophoresis may also be used for diagnostic or research purposes.

indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) or gel diffusion test (GD)

# TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Trichomoniasis can be treated with antiprotozoal drugs like?

metronidazole and tinidazole

an amoeba that lives in the large intestine

Dientamoeba fragilis

# Dientamoeba fragilis TOF. an amoeba that lives in the large intestine of woman.

F (man)

# Dientamoeba fragilis TOF. exists both in cyst and trophozoite form.

T ## Footnote often found solely as a trophozoite

# Dientamoeba fragilis TOF. The name fragilis is appropriate since it is easily destroyed like the trophozoites of other parasites.

# Dientamoeba fragilis Dientamoeba fragilis used to be classified under?

Rhizopodea

# Dientamoeba fragilis Dientamoeba fragilis used to be classified under Rhizopodea since it is provided with?

pseudopodea

# Dientamoeba fragilis Some protozoologist prefer to classify it under this name because of its close affinity with other flagellates, especially the trichomonads.

amoeboflagellates

# Dientamoeba fragilis Nuclei: most common #

# Dientamoeba fragilis Karyosome: consists of?

4 - 8 beads or granules

# Dientamoeba fragilis Karyosome described as?

tetracocci or fragmented

# Dientamoeba fragilis TOF. Motility in the living state is described as regressive.

F (progressive)

# Dientamoeba fragilis are highly prevalent parasites among pre-school children in Germany

both D. fragilis and E. vermicularis

# Dientamoeba fragilis Some workers claimed of having demonstrated structures similar to?

D. fragilis within the egg of Enterobius vermicularis

# Dientamoeba fragilis The parasite lives in the mucosal crypts of the large intestine, mainly the?

cecum

# Dientamoeba fragilis Laboratory diagnosis is identification of the parasite in?

fecal smears

# Dientamoeba fragilis TOF. Diagnostic points of a unstained trophozoite are oftentimes the binucleated, nuclei which have peripheral chromatin with 4 – 8 beads of karyosome each.

F (stained)

# Dientamoeba fragilis TOF. Stained tropho has a cytoplasm that may have food vacuoles but without ingested red cells.

# Dientamoeba fragilis TOF. Most people infected with D. fragilis do not require treatment.

# Dientamoeba fragilis n cases patients need treatment, the following are reported to be successful for dientamoebiasis, except: A. carbarsone B. tetracyclines C. erythromycin D. hydroxyquinolines

NOTA

# Dientamoeba fragilis

(P) Lec 3.1 Atrial Flagellates Flashcards

modular-based