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Diagnostic Parasitology > (P) Lec 3.1 Atrial Flagellates > Flashcards

(P) Lec 3.1 Atrial Flagellates Flashcards

modular-based

1
Q

Atrial flagellates also referred as

A

luminal flagellates

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2
Q

Atrial flagellates belongs to the phylum and subphylum?

A

phylum Protozoa and subphylum Mastigophora.

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3
Q

They are said to have several long, delicate, and thread-like extensions of their cytoplasm called

A

Flagella

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4
Q

TOF. The flagella are present in the trophozoite form.

A

T

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5
Q

The flagella are present in the trophozoite form with the exception of?? which has a pseudopodium instead

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

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6
Q

The neuromotor apparatus consists (2)?

A

kinetoplast and axonomeme

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7
Q

has blepharoplast and parabasal body

A

kinetoplast

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8
Q

with or without free flagellum

A

axoneme

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9
Q

with or without free

structure of the flagellum is a continuation of the axoneme.

A

axial

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10
Q

Some species have rudimentary mouth called a

A

cytostome

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11
Q

Reproduction is through (2)

A
  1. longitudinal binary fission – mitotic (nucleus)
  2. binary division of kinetoplast (cytoplasm)
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12
Q

have cyst and trophozoite forms:
A. Chilomastix mesnili
B. T. vaginalis

A

A

+ Giardia duodenalis, Dientamoeba fragilis

The other exist as tropho only

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13
Q

TOF. duodenalis, D. fragilis and T. vaginalis are pathogenic.

A

T

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14
Q

Giardia duodenalis formerly known as

A

G. lamblia

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15
Q

etiologic parasite of giardiasis

A

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

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16
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

A. exhibit habitat specificity
B. traveler’s diarrhea
C. commensal parasite living in the cecum

A

B

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17
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

A. common in cool climates
B. prevalent among adults than children
C. colonizes upper portions of the small intestine

A

C

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18
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

This parasite multiplies through

A

Longitudinal binary fission

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19
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

A. motility is erratic
B. slow oscillation along the long axis
C. produces falling-leaf or gliding kite-like motion

A

ALL

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20
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

  1. 8-12 X 7-10μm, usually ovoid in shape, with finely granular cytoplasm that is clearly separated from the cyst wall resulting to “retracted cytoplasm”
  2. Young cyst has 2 nuclei, mature ones have 4
  3. Axonemes appear as four pairs of curved bristles
A

Cyst

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21
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

  1. 9-21x5-15x2-4μm,bilaterallyand symmetrically pear-shaped, with rounded anterior, attenuated posterior and convex dorsal side.
  2. Ventral part has a shallow concavity
  3. Two spherical or oval nuclei with large central karyosome lying in the sucking disc at the anterior portion of body
  4. Four pairs of flagella: lateral pair (crossed), lateral pair (uncrossed), central pair and posterior pair.
  5. Parabasal bodies: two, slightly curved, sausage-shaped, lying transversely or obliquely just posterior to the sucking disc.
A

Tropho

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22
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Diagnostic parts of the cyst (2)?

A

retracted cytoplasm & axonemes appear as four pairs of curved
bristle

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23
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Ventral part of a tropho has a shallow concavity called?

A

sucking disc with a notched posterior

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24
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

What part of the tropho is used for attachment?

A

sucking disc with a notched posterior

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25
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Tropho: Two spherical or oval nuclei with large central karyosome lying in the sucking disc at the anterior portion of body producing the so-called (appearance)?

A

“old man with eye-glasses appearance”

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26
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Four pairs of flagella

A
  • lateral pair (crossed)
  • lateral pair (uncrossed)
  • central pair and
  • posterior pair
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27
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Tropho: What do you call this two, slightly curved, sausage-shaped, lying transversely or obliquely just posterior to the sucking disc

A

parabasal bodies

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28
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Infection is through?

A

ingestion of a mature viable cyst in contaminated foods and drinks

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29
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

TOF. Cysts can pass through gastric juices and undergo encystation in the duodenum.

A

F (excystation)

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30
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

TOF. Cysts attach and inhabit the walls of the duodenum and proximal jejunum.

A

F (Tropho)

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31
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

In heavy infection, trophozoites may reach the?

A

bile ducts and gall bladder

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32
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

TOF. Tropho feed on mucus secretions but are unable to invade tissues.

A

T

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33
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

TOF. Encystation takes place in the intestine and trophozoites are evacuated with the feces.

A

F (cysts)

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34
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Cysts can reach through, except:
A. fingers
B. misconnection of drainage
C. vegtable fertilizer
D. anal-oral contact

A

NOTA

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35
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

favorable for transmission for cysts

A

anal-oral contact

prevalence of giardiasis among homosexual men

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36
Q

clinical manifestations of this parasite infection vary from, asymptomatic, mild diarrhea, to nutritional disorders, weight loss and even failure to thrive

A

G. duodenalis

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37
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Incubation period

A

2-3 weeks

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38
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

first manifestation of acute infections:
A. bloating
B. abdominal cramps and anorexia
C. nausea and loss of appetite

A

C

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39
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

These are usually followed by an abrupt onset of?

after the first manifestation

A

explosive, watery, foul-smelling diarrhea

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40
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

TOF. the stool have blood or mucus.

A

T

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41
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

This acute stage of the disease is usually self-limiting and will resolve in how many days?

A

3 - 4 days

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42
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

attached to duodenal mucosa, can cause shortening or blunting of the intestinal villi with foci of inflammation of crypts and lamina propia of the intestine

A

tropho

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43
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Biopsy of what organ will show blunt or shortened villi, reduced height of mucosal columnar epithelial cells and hypercellularity of lamina propia?

A

Tropho: Jejunum

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44
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Trophozoites irritate duodenal mucosa causing increase of?

A

mucus secretion

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45
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

TOF. Numerous trophozoites carpet the intestinal mucosa promoting absorption of fats.

A

F (preventing)

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46
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Increase mucus secretion, irritation, and deranged fat absorption result to?

A

steatorrhea

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47
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Absorption of (3) is impaired

tropho

A

carotene, folate, and vitamin B12

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48
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

production of (2) can also be greatly reduced

Tropho

A

disaccharides and other mucosal enzymes

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49
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Uptake of bile salts by the organisms may inhibit normal biologic activity of the pancreatic lipases that can lead to?

A

malabsorption syndrome

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50
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

The gall bladder may be involved, causing (2), through obstruction of the biliary passages or irritation and edema of the ampulla of Vater

A

gall bladder colic and jaundice

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51
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Long ago, visitors to the former Soviet Union who became ill due to giardiasis with severe diarrhea were said to be suffering from what was called as

A

Leningrad’s curse.

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52
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Laboratory Diagnosis is confirmed by demonstrating cysts or trophozoites in:
A. String test
B. Concentration method
B. Direct fecal smears

A

ALL

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53
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

preferred for the diagnosis of Giardia infections.

A

Direct fecal smear

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54
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

To increase yield of positive results, what is employed?

A

concentration method

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55
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

An old method to recover the organisms, especially trophozoites, was the?

A

String test

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56
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

The patient is asked to swallow a piece of string with a gelatin capsule used as weight. The string is withdrawn the next day and the bile- stained part, likely to contain trophozoites, is washed with saline

A

String test

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57
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

TOF. Serologic tests that may be used for diagnosis or research purposes.

A

T

ELISA, immunofluorescence, and counter immunoelectrophoresis

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58
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

TOF. Only symptomatic individuals should be given antimicrobial therapy.

A

T

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59
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Most used antibiotic for Giardia infection

A

Metronidazole

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60
Q

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

Medications

A

Medications such as Metronidazole, Tinidazole and Nitazoxanide

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61
Q

Prevention and Control of Giardia Duodenalis

A. prevent people from using night soils as fertilizers
B. drink tap water only
C. let insects serve as phoretic vectors to contaminate food
D. trust food handlers
E. private education

A

A

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62
Q

commensal parasite living in the cecum and with cosmopolitan distribution but more prevalent in warm- than cool regions

A

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI

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63
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI

This form is resistant to environmental pressures and is the infective stage.

A

Cyst

64
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI

can be found in the feces, and is/are diagnostic stages

A

cysts and trophozoites

65
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology

7–10X4–6μm,pear or lemon-shaped due a protrusion of a portion the cell wall resulting to a nipple-like projection thus, the term lemon shaped.

A

Cyst

66
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology

Granular cytoplasm usually is separated from the wall at the narrower end.

A

Cyst

67
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology

Nucleus is Single, large, vesicular nucleus (rarely two)

A

Cysts

68
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology

Cytoplasm - granular with numerous food vacuoles multiplies by longitudinal binary fission

A

tropho

69
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology

6-20 X 3-10m, pear-shaped, asymmetric due to spiral groove at the posterior end.

A

Tropho

70
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology

Nucleus, medial to the anterior, with small distinct karyosome.

A

Trophozoite

71
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology

Cytostome, at one side of the nucleus, is well- defined, with both ends rounded and constricted at the middle part (thus described as “hourglass-shaped”).

A

Trophozoite

72
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology

Cytostome is present in the cytoplasm.

A

Cyst

73
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology

Flagella (2 short, 1 long), a 4th delicate one in the cytostome.

A

Tropho

74
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI: Morphology

Exhibits corkscrew or boring motion or it rotates along longitudinal axis due to the spiral groove.

A

Trophozoite

75
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI:

TOF. Infection is acquired through ingestion of the mature and viable cyst contained in food and/or beverages.

A

T

76
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI:

TOF. Excystation occurs in the intestine, then, organisms are lodged in the cecum, where they undergo encystation.

A

T

77
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI:

TOF. actors causing encystation are different as those for other amoeba.

A

F

78
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI:

Diagnosis is based on finding cyst and/or trophozoite in?

A

Direct Fecal Smear

79
Q

TRICHOMONADS

The trichomonads consist of 3 species that infect man and exist in the trophozoite form only

A

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS
TRICHOMONAS TENAX
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
T. tenax

80
Q

TRICHOMONADS

Each species is provided with how many flagella?

A

4

81
Q

TRICHOMONADS

TOF. A 5th flagella is lying along the margin of the undulating membrane.

A

T

82
Q

TRICHOMONADS

is at the base of the undulating membrane and with a conspicuous axostyle near the midline

A

Costa

83
Q

TRICHOMONADS

species exhibit habitat specificity.

A

Trichomonas

84
Q

maximum ability to survive and establish a colony if they are in their particular habitat

A

Trichomonas

85
Q

TRICHOMONADS

Multiplication is through

A

longitudinal binary fission

86
Q

TRICHOMONADS

the only pathogenic species and inhabits the genitourinary tract especially the urethra, prostate, vaginal walls, and cervix.

A

T. vaginalis

87
Q

TRICHOMONADS

lives in the large intestine

A

Trichomonas hominis

88
Q

TRICHOMONADS

inhabits the oral cavity

A

T. tenax

89
Q

a commensal or non-pathogenic lumen-dweller amoeba

A

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS

90
Q

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS

TOF. Not the cause of diarrhea.

A

T

91
Q

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS

It inhabits the large intestine, particularly the?

A

cecum

92
Q

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS

TOF. They are more common in warm than cool countries.

A

T

93
Q

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS

exhibiting a jerky, non-directional motility, and is the is the infective stage.

A

Trophozoite

94
Q

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS

TOF. the cysts survives the passage through the stomach and small intestine, provided it is ingested in a medium such as milk, gruel, or in case of achlorhydria (anacidity of the stomach).

A

F (trophozoites)

95
Q

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS

Laboratory diagnosis is by recovery of trophozoite in?

A

stool

96
Q

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS

TOF. Diagnostic characteristics of an/a stained trophozoite is the successive wave-like movements of the undulating membrane and with spike-like posterior projection of the axostyle

A

F (unstained)

97
Q

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS

For the stained trophozoite it is the prominent (2)?

A

costa and axostyle

98
Q

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS

TOF. They are considered non-pathogenic.

A

T

hence the presence of trophozoites in stool samples may indicate fecal contamination of a food or water source.

99
Q

TRICHOMONAS

primarily lives in the tartar around the teeth, cavities of carious teeth, necrotic mucosa cells in gingival margins of gums, pyorrhetic pockets, and tonsillar crypts.

A

TENAX

100
Q

quite resistant to changes in temperature and can survive several hours in drinking water

A

TRICHOMONAS TENAX

101
Q

TRICHOMONAS TENAX

Manner of Transmission:
A. Airborne in congested areas
B. Droplet spray from the mouth

A

B

102
Q

TRICHOMONAS TENAX

Infection is diagnosed through recovery of trophozoites from?

A

tartar or scrapings between the teeth, gingival margins, tonsilar crypts, or the mouth.

103
Q

etiologic agent of trichomoniasis also known as ping-pong infection

A

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

104
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

The reason is due to the recurrent infections among females since males are often asymptomatic thus, may not be given attention during treatment

A

ping-pong infection

105
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

Specific conditions depend on areas affected such as trichomonal in the vagina

A

vaginitis

106
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

Specific conditions depend on areas affected such as trichomonal in the urethra

A

urethritis

107
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

Specific conditions depend on areas affected such as trichomonal in the prostate

A

prostatovesiculitis

108
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

Specific conditions depend on areas affected such as trichomonal in the cervix

A

cervicitis

109
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

Nucleus: #

A

1

large, oval-shaped and situated at
the anterior part

110
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

Shape

A

pear-shaped

7 – 23 X 5 – 12m

111
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

TOF. Rigid ndulating membrane on one side and opposite is a thin axostyle.

A

F (opposite)

112
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

Diagnostic

A

Cytoplasm

illed with numerous siderophil
granules

113
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

motion on fresh specimen

A

Jerky-tumbling

114
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

4 – 5, at the anterior part, with the last
one often adherent to the undulating
membrane

A

Flagella

115
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

TOF. They prefer slightly alkaline environment or somewhat more acidic than that of healthy vagina

A

T

116
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

TOF. can survive on dry sponges for several hours

A

F

117
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

The peak incidence of vaginal trichomoniasis occurs between ages

A

16 – 35

the time sexual activity is at its greatest

118
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

TOF. from infected mother to a female newborn is possible

A

T

119
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

incubation period

A

4-28 days

120
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

trophozoites attach to what cells resulting to irritation and inflammation

A

mucosal

121
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

TOF. use of public toilets is a another mode of transmission.

A

T

122
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

he proliferating colonies cause degeneration and desquamation of vaginal epithelium followed by?

A

white blood cell infiltration

yeyyy

123
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

color of the discharge that forms a pool at the posterior vaginal fornix

A

rothy, seropurulent, creamy, yellowish

124
Q

There may be an increased incidence of endometritis after delivery and erosion of the cervix that may lead to chronic cervicitis, which, in turn, predisposes the woman to development of?????

A

cervical malignancy

125
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

TOF. Most of the infected people do not have any signs or symptoms.

A

T

126
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

Females often complain of vaginal itching, chafing, and burning sensation with profuse irritating discharge that contains plenty of white blood cells called?

A

leukorrhea

126
Q

TOF. large number of trophozoites and leukocytes is responsible in producing vaginal secretion, that is orange- or brownish in color

A

F (greenish or yellowish)

127
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

TOF. Most men seek medical attention.

A

F

Since most infections among males are tolerable, there is a tendency for them not to seek medical attention thus, no treatment at all, allowing the possibility of recurrences of the infection among females hence, the term ping pong infection.

127
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

specimen of choice

A

Urine

127
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

read the clinical manifestation

A

thansk u

128
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

male patients may be diagnosed using?

A

prostatic secretions

129
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

TOF. Trichomonas tenax that maybe present in the stool maybe mistaken for T. vaginalis.

A

F (hominis)

130
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

To increase yield of positive results, trophozoites may be grown using?

A

modified Diamond’s culture medium

131
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

TOF. Serologic tests, such as ELISA, immunofluorescence, and counter immunoelectrophoresis may also be used for diagnostic or research purposes.

A

indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) or gel diffusion test (GD)

132
Q

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

Trichomoniasis can be treated with antiprotozoal drugs like?

A

metronidazole and tinidazole

133
Q

an amoeba that lives in the large intestine

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

134
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

TOF. an amoeba that lives in the large intestine of woman.

A

F (man)

135
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

TOF. exists both in cyst and trophozoite form.

A

T

often found solely as a trophozoite

136
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

TOF. The name fragilis is appropriate since it is easily destroyed like the trophozoites of other parasites.

A

F

137
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

Dientamoeba fragilis used to be classified under?

A

Rhizopodea

138
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

Dientamoeba fragilis used to be classified under Rhizopodea since it is provided with?

A

pseudopodea

139
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

Some protozoologist prefer to classify it under this name because of its close affinity with other flagellates, especially the trichomonads.

A

amoeboflagellates

140
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

Nuclei: most common #

A

2

141
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

Karyosome: consists of?

A

4 - 8 beads or granules

142
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

Karyosome described as?

A

tetracocci or fragmented

143
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

TOF. Motility in the living state is described as regressive.

A

F (progressive)

144
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

are highly prevalent parasites among pre-school children in Germany

A

both D. fragilis and E. vermicularis

145
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

Some workers claimed of having demonstrated structures similar to?

A

D. fragilis within the egg of Enterobius vermicularis

146
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

The parasite lives in the mucosal crypts of the large intestine, mainly the?

A

cecum

147
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

Laboratory diagnosis is identification of the parasite in?

A

fecal smears

148
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

TOF. Diagnostic points of a unstained trophozoite are oftentimes the binucleated, nuclei which have peripheral chromatin with 4 – 8 beads of karyosome each.

A

F (stained)

149
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

TOF. Stained tropho has a cytoplasm that may have food vacuoles but without ingested red cells.

A

T

150
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

TOF. Most people infected with D. fragilis do not require treatment.

A

T

151
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

n cases patients need treatment, the following are reported to be successful for dientamoebiasis, except:
A. carbarsone
B. tetracyclines
C. erythromycin
D. hydroxyquinolines

A

NOTA

152
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

A

Diagnostic Parasitology (14 decks)

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