(M) Plasmodium (lecture-based) Flashcards
Dr. Jasper Pablo coverage
Phylum
Sporozoa (formerly known as Apicomplexa)
Class
Sporozea
Subclass
Coccidia
Superorder
Eucoccidea
Order, Suborder and Family of Plasmodium
Haemosporida, Aconoidna, Haemospiridae
The malaria antigen was detected in? dates back from 3200-1304 BC
Egyptian remains
Indian writings of the Vedic period (1500 - 800 BC) called malaria the?
King of diseases
In 270 BC, who linked tertian and quartan fevers with splenomegaly and blamed malaria’s headaches, chills, and fevers on demons in Chinese literature
Nei Chin
According to Nei Chin, what are the 3 demons?
one carrying a hammer (headaches), another carrying a pail of water (chills), and the third a stove (fever),
He mentions Malaria in The Iliad, as foes Aristophanes in The Wasps, and Aristotle, Plato, and Sophocles
Homer
He described the disease in a medical text in the 4th or 5th century BC
Hippocrates
This person may have died of a Malaria infection at age 30
Alexander the great
TOF. The greek physician, Torti, coined the term Malaria in 1718.
F (italian)
Italian word Malaria which means?
Bad air
Roman physicians believed that the disease was caused by?
malignancies in the swamp air
- Definitively showed that Malaria is caused by another type of single-celled organism, a protozoan of the Plasmodium family, which attacks RBC’s
- 1907 Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine
CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE LAVERAN
What did Laveran discovered?
protozoan plasmodium
He found out that the plasmodium is the causative agent of Malaria
CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE LAVERAN
Over how many species of plasmodium have been described?
200
Plasmodium species are limited to five
Plasmodium falciparum
P. ovale
P. vivax
P. malariae
P. knowlesi
still considered a zoonotic plasmodium, i.e. it is a disease of animals such as Macaque monkeys
Plasmodium knowlesi
In the 2022 CDC update, Malaria has remained to be endemic in the ff regions:
- Central and South America
- Africa
- Middle East
- Asia
CA SA A A M E
TOF. In 2023, the Department of Health (DOH) reported a decrease in the cases of Malaria
F (increase)
only province in the Philippines where Malaria is endemic
Palawan
there are more regions where Malaria has become endemic, other than palawan
Occidental mindoro and Sultan kudarat
Species
- most widespread
- can be life threatening
P. vivax
primary Malaria species of public health importance in the Philippines are?
P. falciparum and P. vivax
This species comprise 88% and 9% of the total indigenous Malaria cases
P. falciparum and P. vivax
The vectors (6)
- Anopheles minimus
- A. flavirostris
- A. litoralis
- A. maculatus
- A. mangyanus
- A. balabacensis
P. vivax
A. Malignant Tertian Malaria
B. Benign Tertian Malaria
C. Ovale Tertian Malaria
D. Quartan Malaria
E. Quotidian Malaria
B. Benign Tertian Malaria
P. vivax
TOF. Widespread location is in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, South America.
F (Southeast Asia and Latin America; for P. ovale ‘yan)
isipin mo nalang na may viva max sa asia at latin america
For one to be infected with P. vivax, one must possess?
Duffy antigens
p. vivax
produces what color?
Yellow-brown colored pigment
Schuffner dots
- Last of the malaria parasites of humans to be described
- Rarely causes severe illness or death
- Relatively unusual to acquire infections outside Africa
P. ovale
P. ovale
AKA
A. Malignant Tertian Malaria
B. Benign Tertian Malaria
C. Ovale Tertian Malaria
D. Quartan Malaria
E. Quotidian Malaria
C
PLASMODIUM OVALE
Endemic
West africa & South africa
PLASMODIUM OVALE
TOF. There have been rare cases of P. ovale infection in the Philippines, other Asian countries, and in Papua New Guinea.
T
PLASMODIUM OVALE
Colored pigment
Dark brown called James’ pigment
- this species has the lowest incidence rate out of all the plasmodium
- Maximum parasite count is low
PLASMODIUM MALARIAE
Most immunogenic when the infection produces an immune complex deposition in the kidneys, which is associated with nephrotic syndrome
PLASMODIUM MALARIAE
PLASMODIUM MALARIAE
A. Malignant Tertian Malaria
B. Benign Tertian Malaria
C. Ovale Tertian Malaria
D. Quartan Malaria
E. Quotidian Malaria
D
PLASMODIUM MALARIAE
it’s growth and development are suppressed by
P. falciparum and P. vivax
PLASMODIUM MALARIAE
Colored Pigment
Brown black called Ziemann’s pigment
PLASMODIUM MALARIAE
Widepsread in?
Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia
- Predominant species in the world
- Can be life-threatening
P. falciparum
PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
AKA
A. Malignant Tertian Malaria
B. Benign Tertian Malaria
C. Ovale Tertian Malaria
D. Quartan Malaria
E. Quotidian Malaria
A. Malignant Tertian Malaria
PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
Pigment
Black (maurer’s pigment)
Life cycle
Agent
Plasmodium
Life cycle
Intermediate host
Human
Life cycle
Definitive host
Anopheles minimus
Life cycle
Clinical illness
Malaria
Life cycle
Vector
Infected Female Anopheles mosquito
Life cycle
Infective form
Sporozoites
however, trophozoites may also be infective
Life cycle
Reservoir
Infected Humans
Life cycle
Source of Infection
- mainly, saliva of infected female anopheles mosquito containing sporozoites
- infected blood of man containing trophozoites
Enumerate the mosquito spp.
- Aedes/albopictus
- Culex tarsalis
- Anopheles
- Female anopheles mosquitos
MOSQUITO SPP.
- Characterized by its sharp abdomen and striped legs
- bites during daytime
- breeds on stagnant water
Aedes/Albopictus
AEDES / ALBOPICTUS
Carries what diseases?
- Dengue
- Chikungunya
- Yellow fever
MOSQUITO SPP.
- blunt abdomen and striped legs
- bites during the night
- breeds on polluted water
Culex tarsalis
Culex tarsalis
Diseases
West nile virus
MOSQUITO SPP.
- dark blunt abdomen and dark legs
- bites before dawn and right after darkness
- breeds in clean, slow-moving water
- Holds the record for the deadliest animal, killing around 1 million people per year
Anopheles
Anopheles
Most common form
- A. minimus
- A. flavirostris
- A. maculatus
MOSQUITO SPP.
- Accounts for >95% of transmission globally
- body is dark brown to black in color
- When resting, the stomach of the mosquito points upward, rather than being even with the surrounding surface like most mosquitoes
- Most active before dawn and after dusk sets
- Clean, slow-moving water is considered prime
breeding grounds
Female Anopheles mosquitos
Female anopheles mosquitos
3 sections of the body
- head
- thorax
- abdomen
TOF. ASEXUAL reproduction occurs in the INTERMEDIATE host while SEXUAL reproduction occurs in the DEFINITIVE host.
T
HOST
TOF.
Asexual reproduction = humans
Sexual = the vector
T
HOST
- Asexual multiplication occurs
- Sexual differentiation occurs
INTERMEDIATE HOST
INTERMEDIATE HOST
When asexual multiplication occurs, this process is called schizogony which forms?
schizonts
INTERMEDIATE HOST
Sexual differentiation is also a process called?
gametogony
INTERMEDIATE HOST
In sexual differentiation, there’s a production of?
microgametocytes and
macrogametocytes
microgametocytes (male or female)
male
macrogametocytes (male or female)
female
INTERMEDIATE HOST
In sexual differentiation, there’s a presence of this which are infective to the definitive host
immature sex cells
DEFINITIVE HOST
TOF. Asexual multiplication and sexual differentiation occurs.
F (sexual multiplication only)
DEFINITIVE HOST
The sexual multiplication is also called?
Sporogony
DEFINITIVE HOST
There’s a production of what that is infective to the intermediate host
Sporozoites
SOURCE OF INFECTION
- Transfusion of infected blood
- transplacental
- infected needles
Trophozoites
SOURCE OF INFECTION
- Bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito
- Most common form of transmission
Sporozoites
INCUBATION PERIOD
P. falciparum
10-14 days
INCUBATION PERIOD
P. malariae
18 days - 6 weeks
INCUBATION PERIOD
P. vivax
10-14 days
INCUBATION PERIOD
P. ovale
10-14 days
pls study the life cycle of plasmodium
thx
i suggest yung module basahinniyo, mas detailed
MOSQUITO STAGE - SEXUAL STAGE
End product:
sporozoite
Summarize the development of sporogony
Zygote > Ookinete > Oocyst > Sporozoite
MOSQUITO STAGE - SEXUAL STAGE
- The mosquito will bite an infected human
- As it sucks the human’s blood, it will ingest the male and female gametocytes
- The gametocytes travel to the mosquito’s gut, where the male gametocyte will fertilize the female gametocyte
- Once the female gametocyte has been fertilized, it will now become a?
Zygote
MOSQUITO STAGE - SEXUAL STAGE
- After 6-8 hours, the zygote will mature into an invasive motile?
- From the gut of the mosquito, it will penetrate the epithelium of the gut and travel to the circulatory and lymphatic system of the mosquito
Ookinete
MOSQUITO STAGE - SEXUAL STAGE
- Once outside the gut, ookinete, it will transform into the?
- This will travel from the blood and lymph fluid into the salivary glands
- It will mature into a sporozoite
oocyst
MOSQUITO STAGE - SEXUAL STAGE
- End product of sporogony
- Once they are released from the mosquito, they are ready to infect humans
Sporozoite
MOSQUITO STAGE - SEXUAL STAGE
The whole sexual cycle usually takes?
8-30 days
TOF. After 6 days of being bitten with anopheles mosquito, it will develop into malaria.
F (Plasmodium has not yet reached 7 days of development)
HUMAN STAGE - ASEXUAL STAGE
4 stages
- Primary Exoerythrocytic / Pre-Erythrocytic / Hepatic
- Erythrocytic
- Gametogony
- Secondary Exoerythrocytic / Dormant
- Schizogony