(P) Lec 2: Specimen Collection, Procedure and Fixatives Flashcards by ASHLEY JARED DEFENSOR

A laboratory section where we test urine and other bodily fluids are processed under the microscope

Clinical Microscopy section

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HEADS UP

some cards are associating qs, so select all the possible correct answer

“Both” or “All of the Above” and “NOTA” is implied if wala sa options… basta confident ka sa sagot mo, ok?

good luck bading mwah

choose mo lang wrong answer kapag pinapahanap ko okay?

parasite ka kaya madali nalang ‘to sa’yo eme mahal ko kau sipag nyo para aralin si sir jerny

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refers to the eggs stage of the parasites

Ova

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This encompasses the other morphologic forms

Parasites

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Microscopic examination

A. Collection
B. Transport
C. Fixatives
D. ALL

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typical stool collection protocol consists:
A. 3 collected in 10 days
B. 5 collected in 14 days

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Certain medications and substances may interfere with the detection of parasites, except:
A. antidiarrheal medicines
B. antacids
c. mineral oil
d. barium

nota

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Stool is collected:
A. 3 and a half days after the completion of therapy
B. a week after antimalarial medications
C. a week after therapy

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Specimen container:
A. has 4g of stool
B. made of waxed cardboard or plastic

both

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Specimen container, except:
A. Travel history
B. Collector’s name
C. Address
D. Clinical findings

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TOF. Urine contamination is not allowed as it may destroy some parasites.

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recommended time frame for liquid stool within?

30 minutes

to preserve the stage of amoeba

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stage of amoeba

invasive to the skin tissue and fast to die

trophozoites

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TOF. Cysts live in watery environment to move and attack tissues.

F (tropho)

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Incorrect holding time
A. Formed: 24 hrs
B. Semi-formed: 120 mins
C: liquid stool = 30 mins

B: should be within 1 hr

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substances that preserve the morphology of protozoa and prevent further development/stages of certain helminth eggs and larvae

fixatives

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ratio of fixative to stool specimens

3:1

hindi tatlong tae

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Recovery

Formalin

PROTOZOA and HELMINTHS

protozoa—amoeba, flagelates, ciliated
helminths—nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes (worms)

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incorrect concentrations of formalin are commonly used.
A. 5% ideally preserves protozoan cysts
B. 5% ideally preserves larvae
C. 10% concentration preserves helminths eggs

10% concentration preserves helminths eggs and larvae

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preservative

not for permanent smears:
A. formalin
B. pva
C. schaudinn

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Advantages of Formalin, except
A. Easy to prep
B. Long shelf life
C. For smear or staining

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Disadvantages of Formalin
A. Trophozoites cannot be recovered
B. Morphologic details of cysts and eggs may fade
C. Can cause eye irritation or teary eye

All

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PVA

A. act as an adhesive
B. useful for the fixation of intestinal protozoans, helminth eggs and larvae

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PVA

A. preparation of a permanent stained smear
B. added to Schaudinn’s solution

both

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A disadvantage of PVA because the solution contains mercuric chloride.

Schaudinn

# PVA A. Long shelf live when stored at cold temperature B. Antigen test is positive

NOTA ## Footnote A. warm temperature B. negative

Methiolate AKA

timerosal

TOF. MIF is a 2 in 1 that acts as a staining and preservative, similar to formalin.

F (formalin is only a preservative)

# MIF A. easy to prepare B. yields unsatisfactory results C. easy identification of protozoans

useful for the fixation of intestinal protozoans, helminth eggs and larvae. A. MIF B. Formalin C. PVA

# Sodium Acetate Formalin A. Toxic-free B. Multiple vials

NOTA

Can be used for performing concentration techniques and permanent stained smears. A. MIF B. SAF C. PVA D. Formalin

# SAF Advantages A. protozoa is clear B. addition of albumin to the microscope slide C. long shelf-life D. A & C

# SAF Disadvantages A. addition of albumin to the microscope slide B. protozoa is not clear

Both

# Alternative Single-Vial System A. free of formalin B. usef for concentration techniques

both

# Alternative Single-Vial System A. used for intestinal protozoans B. free of mercury C. used for permanent smears D. B & C E. A & C

# Applicable Lab Procedures: Positive Concentration Choose all that applies A. 10% formalin B. SAF C. PVA D. Modified PVA E. Single-vial system

All

# Applicable Lab Procedures: Positive or negative Concentration Choose all that applies A. 10% formalin B. SAF C. PVA D. Modified PVA E. Single-vial system

C & D

# Applicable Lab Procedures: Does not use permanent stain. Choose all that applies: A. 10% formalin B. SAF C. PVA D. Modified PVA E. Single-vial system

# Applicable Lab Procedures: Uses trichrome as a permenent stain. Choose all that applies: A. 10% formalin B. SAF C. PVA D. Modified PVA E. Single-vial system

C, D, E

# Applicable Lab Procedures: Only uses iron hematoxylin as a permanent stain. Choose all that applies: A. 10% formalin B. SAF C. PVA D. Modified PVA E. Single-vial system

# Applicable Lab Procedures: Antigen test is negative Choose all that applies: A. 10% formalin B. SAF C. PVA D. Modified PVA E. Single-vial system

C, D & E

# Applicable Lab Procedures: Positive antigen tests. Choose all that applies: A. 10% formalin B. SAF C. PVA D. Modified PVA E. Single-vial system

All except PVA

# Applicable Lab Procedures: Positive or negative antigen test Choose all that applies: A. 10% formalin B. SAF C. PVA D. Modified PVA E. Single-vial system

D & E

# Elements which may found in stool specimens A. macrophages for amebic cysts B. epithelial cells for trophozoites C. animal hairs may look like trophozoites

B | Correct ## Footnote A. macrophages for amebic trophozoites B. epithelial cells for trophozoites C. animal hairs may look like helminth larvae

* Is used to measure objects observed microscopically accurately. * Is a disk that is inserted into the eyepiece of the microscope. * Calibration is necessary

Ocular Micrometer

# Ocular Micrometer diagnostic stages of parasites detected microscopically are measured in units known as A. nm B. µm C. mm

B. microns

# Ocular Micrometer TOF. Obsolete

# Direct Wet Preparations A. the presence of cysts is being detected B. 0.85% saline solution (NSS) is the reagent of choice

B ## Footnote A. the presence of motile protozoan trophozoites is being detected

suggested size for the glass slide

3x2

size of the square cover slip

22mm

# Direct Wet Preparations Trophozoites can be stained to demonstrate the nuclear morphology using?

Nair’s buffered methylene blue solution (BMB)

# Nair’s buffered methylene blue solution (BMB) A. Entamoeba cytoplasm stains pale blue B. nucleus stains darker blue

both

TOF. If the specimen is received in fixative, the direct wet preparation can be done from the O&P procedure.

F (eliminated from the procedure) ## Footnote the concentrate and permanent stain techniques are performed.

# Objective fixed or smear slides

OIO

# Objective fresh slides

LPO or HPO

# Objective pus cells or rbcs

HPO

# Objective epithelial cells or muscle fibers

LPO

# Direct Wet Iodine Preparation A. enhance the detail of the protozoan TROPHOZOITES B. destroy the cysts stage of protozoan

NOTA ## Footnote May be made to enhance the detail of the protozoan cysts. It destroy the TROPHOZOITES stage of protozoan.

# Direct Wet Iodine Preparation Stain

Lugol’s or D’Antoni’s formula

# Lugol’s or D’Antoni’s formula A. cytoplasm will stain orange B. nucleus will be pale and refractile C. glycogen will be deep red

B ## Footnote the cytoplasm will stain golden yellow, the nucleus will be pale and refractile, and the glycogen will be deep brown.

# Direct Fecal Smear A. Adapted from (WHO 1994). B. Basic microscopic technique

Both

# Kato-Thick Smear stool is placed over a glass slide and covered with cut?

cellophane paper

# Kato-Thick Smear Weight of stool

50 to 60 mg of stool (approximately the size of two mongo beans)

# Kato-Thick Smear The cellophane paper is soaked in A. glycerine B. carbon fusin

A ## Footnote glycerine and malachite green solution

# Kato-Thick Smear a clearing solution

glycerine

# Kato-Thick Smear used to give color to the cellophane in order to give a pale green background to the eggs and to minimize the brightness of the microscopic field

Malachite green

# Kato-Thick Smear can also be used if malachite green is not available

Green cellophane

# Kato-Thick Smear A. Ascaris and Trichuris B. Hookworm C. protozoan cyst and trophozoites

A ## Footnote detecting eggs with thick shells such as in Ascaris and Trichuris

# Kato-Thick Smear TOF. If the preparation is too long before examination, hookworm eggs become too transparent or distorted making identification very difficult.

T ## Footnote 10-20 minutes is the preparation to best examined the smear

These techniques use differences in specific gravity and centrifugation to separate the parasites from fecal debris and increase their recovery.

Concentration Methods

# Concentration Methods A. might be detected using wet preparations B. used for low concentration of parasites C. be performed on fresh or preserved stool specimens. D. trophozoites do not survive

All of the Above

Two types of Concentration methods

Sedimentation and floatation

Parasites are concentrated in the sediment of the tube following centrifugation; the parasite settles at the bottom

Sedimentation

the parasites are less dense than the solutions used and, during centrifugation, they float to the surface

Floatation

# FEAS Procedure A. Methyl acetate is added to a saline-washed formalin-fixed sample B. Based on specific gravity

B ## Footnote Formalin- Ethyl Acetate Sedimentation Procedure Ethyl acetate is added to a saline-washed formalin-fixed sample and the tube is then centrifuged.

# Formalin- Ethyl Acetate Sedimentation Procedure Disadvantage: A. Difficult to perform B. Does not provide good recovery of most parasites C. contains more fecal debris than a flotation technique

# Acid Ether Concentration Technique (AECT) A. Reagents are 20% HCl and Ether B. also for animal stool C. does not recover Trichuris, Capillaria, and trematode eggs especially Schistosoma D. most widely used sedimentation technique.

# AECT A. possible destruction of protozoan cysts B. loss of parasite to the plug of debris

Both

# Formalin Ether Concentration (FECT) A. recovery of both helminth eggs and protozoan cysts B. uses 10% formalin

Both

# FECT A. Only uses formalin B. More parasites can be recovered from formalin-preserved samples

B ## Footnote Can also be done with formalin-preserved and PVA- preserved stools.

# FECT TOF. Parasite morphology is also better preserved in formalin than in PVA.

# Formalin Ether Concentration (FECT) creates 4 layers which are?

1. ether and dissolved fats, 2. fecal debrie, 3. formol water 4. and sediment

# FECT At what layer are the parasites present?

Sediment

# Flotation Technique based on differences in specific gravity between the sample debris, which in this case is heavy and sinks to the bottom of the test tube, and potential parasites, which are lighter and float toward the top of the tube

Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique

Formol-Ether Sedimentation Technique was adapted from?

Cheesbrough 2009 (modified), WHO 1994

# Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique Zinc sulfate with a specific gravity of A. 1.130 - 1.200 B. 1.180 - 1.200 C. 1.200 - 1.480

# Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique Main reagent

33% ZnSO4 solution is the main reagent. in 1000ml of water

# Sheather’s Sugar Flotation A. BEST for the recovery of trophozoites B. use of a phase microscope C. Boiled sugar solution preserved with formalin

B ## Footnote With this procedure, visualization of oocysts can be better appreciated through the use of a phase microscope.

# Sheather’s Sugar Flotation Is considered as the BEST for the recovery of coccidian oocysts, mainly (3)

Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora and Isospora

# Sheather’s Sugar Flotation Boiled sugar solution preserved with?

phenol

# Brine Flotation A. saturated table salt solution B. specimen directly mixed with brine solution C. not useful for operculated eggs

All

# Brine Flotation A. Centrifugation is needed B. hookworm and Schistosoma become badly shrunken C. Useful for Clonorchis, and heterophyids

B ## Footnote * Centrifugation is not needed since helminth eggs rise to the surface of the solution. * Not useful for operculated eggs like Clonorchis, and heterophyids because these do not float in brine solution

final procedure in the O&P examination A. Direct Wet Preparation B. Concentration methods C. Permanent Stains

as a microscope slide that contains a fixed sample that has been allowed to dry and subsequently stained A. Smear B. Permanent Stain C. Direct Wet Iodine Preparation

# Permanent Stain Designed to confirm the presence of: A. protozoa cysts B. trophozoites

Both

# Permanent Stain Allows laboratory technicians to observe detailed features of protozoa by staining?

intracellular organelles

# Permanent Stain reviewed under what objective?

OIO

# Permanent Stain A. a hundred fields are reviewed B. Modified acid-fast stain

# Permanent Stain Two common stains are used for routine O and P testing and these includes?

modified acid-fast and modified trichrome stain

Wheatley Trichrome: A. Time-consuming B. stained clearer and sharper C. excellent morphology of the intestinal protozoa D.uses distinct color differences among the structures

Iron-Haematoxylin: A. Easy to perform B. Most widely used permanent stain C. Helminth eggs are very dense and will not float D. Less fecal debris is removed

# Specialized Stain A. do not detect oocysts of the coccidian parasites B. do not detect spores of microsporidia C. modified acid-fast stain D. modified trichrome stain

All of the above

TOF. **Modified acid-fast stain** has become an important permanent stain procedure for the detection of the oocysts of Cryptosporidium, as well as those of Isospora and Cyclospora

T ## Footnote galing!

# Modified Acid-Fast Stain Has been developed that incorporates what step (reagent)?

carbol fuchsin

# Modified Acid-Fast Stain A. other protozoa are normally recovered using wheatley trichome B. detection of acid-fast parasites

# Modified Acid-Fast Stain Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts stained with trichrome creates a color red appearance due to the addition of?

Ziehl Neelsen

# Stool Culture Methods: Coproculture A. Positive stool is applied to the filter paper and placed into a test tube with about 7cc of boiled or distilled water. B. Positive stools are mixed with moistened soil or granulated charcoal.

TOF. Harada Mori simulates environmental conditions in nature.

F (Coproculture)

# Coproculture Larvae are harvested using what procedure?

Baermann procedure

* Positive stool is applied to the filter paper and placed into a test tube with about 7cc of boiled or distilled water. * Use of test tubes and filter paper strips

Harada-Mori or the Test Tube Culture Method

# Harada-Mori or the Test Tube Culture Method TOF. Filariform larvae will generally move upward against the downward capillary movement of water

F ## Footnote downwards against the upward capillary movement

# Harada-Mori or the Test Tube Culture Method TOF. Strongyloides larvae may move upwards and accumulate at the upper end of the filter paper strip.

# Harada-Mori or the Test Tube Culture Method Temperature: Environment: Days:

Temperature: 25c Environment: Dark Days: 7

# Harada-Mori or the Test Tube Culture Method A. Discard the supernatant B. Discard the sediment

# Kato Katz Method the main determinant for the sensitivity of this technique

consistency of the stool ## Footnote kato = konsistency

# Kato Katz Method A. some drier stools yield higher egg counts than moist ones B. only be done on liquired and preserved samples

# Kato Katz Method TOF. Can only be done on fresh formed stools.

# Kato Katz Method 1% eosin solution can be layered over the cellophane paper for the identification of?

Schistosoma ova ## Footnote Skistosoma

# Kato Katz Method This solution can help in the visualization of the miracidium (larval stage of parasitic flatworms like schistosoma).

1% eosin solution

It saponifies fat and frees eggs from fecal debris

Stoll Egg Count

# Stoll Egg Count A. 0.1N NaOH B. stool displacement flask C. Similar to Kato Katz

ALL

# Stoll Egg Count a stool displacement flask calibrated at?

56mL and 60 mL

# Stoll Egg Count stool diluent

NaOH

# Stoll Egg Count Amount of diluted stool used for egg counting is measured by?

stoll pipettes

# Stoll Egg Count stoll pipettes are calibrated at?

0.075 mL and 0.15mL

# Perianal Swab A. Used to recover eggs of Enterobius vermicularis B. Used to recover Taenia spp.

Both

# Perianal Swab This migrates out throughout the anus at night time, and deposits eggs on the perianal skin

Enterobius gravid female ## Footnote gravid; nanganak yung parasite ganern

# Perianal Swab TOF. Entamoeba spp. gravid segments can crawl out of the anus and in the process, ova are squeezed out of the segment and are deposited on the perianal skin

F (Taenia spp)

Stool Screening Methods AKA

rapid methods.

# Stool Screening Methods Can be obtained as kits that contain?

monoclonal antibodies

# Stool Screening Methods TOF. This commercial antibody is used to detect antigens in patient specimens.

# Stool Screening Methods Current assays include A. enzyme immunoassay (EIA) B. direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) C. membrane flow cartridge

All

# Stool Screening Methods TOF. Highly sensitive and specific but they only detect one or two pathogens at a time.

# Stool Screening Methods TOF. It is technically demanding as the O&P examination

# Duodenal Material Specimen may be collected by: A. Fecal test B. Enterotest C. Urine test

B ## Footnote + nasogastric intubation

TOF. Cysts must be examined promptly in duodenal fluid because they easily disintegrate.

F (Trophozoites)

# Duodenal Material simpler method for collecting duodenal material without requiring intubation

Enterotest ## Footnote nasogastric intubation--your doctor or nurse will insert a thin plastic tube through your nostril, down your esophagus, and into your stomach. Once this tube is in place, they can use it to give you food and medicine

# Duodenal Material Enterotest is inteded for? A.Giardia Duodenalis trophozoites B. Helminth eggs C. Taenia spp.

Enterotest is inteded for? A. Strongyloides larva B. Cryptosporidium coccocels C. Giardia Duodenalis trophozoites

All

# Enterotest TOF. A gelatin capsule that contains a coiled length of **nylon** should be swallowed by the patient.

teh Yarn lang

# Duodenal Material The capsule dissolves in the stomach and the weighted string is carried to the?

duodenum

# Duodenal Material TOF. The free end of the string is wrapped to the patient’s tongue.

F (neck or cheek with tape)

# Duodenal Material hours of incubation?

4 hours

# Doudenal Material The bile stained mucous material brought up on the string is then examined microscopically via (2): A. concentration methods B. wet preparation C. permanent stain

B & C

# Sigmoidoscopy Can be performed by doctors and RMTs.

F (doc lang)

Sometimes, there’s something inserted in the ass hole to clearly see the intestine

Sigmoidoscopy

# Sigmoidoscopy Often helpful for detecting?

E. histolytica.

# Sigmoidoscopy Material from ulcers obtained by aspiration or scraping should be examined by?

direct wet preparations and permanent stains

# Sigmoidoscopy may be recovered A. E. histolytic B. Coccidian parasites C. microsporidia

ALL

# Sigmoidoscopy TOF. Samples suspected to contain microsporidia are best processed using surgical pathology methods.

F (amoeba)

# Cellophane Tape Preparation the specimen of choice for the detection of?

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

Cellophane Tape Preparation AKA

Otherwise known as the Graham technique or scotch tape swab

# Cellophane Tape Preparation A. afternoon specimens are the ideal time to collect the sample B. a a total 8 specimens should be collected daily before ruling out C. method should be done after washing the anal area to see persistent parasites

NOTA

Blood parasites recovered in the blood, except: A. Trypanosoma gambiense B. T. rhodesiense C. T. cruzi

NOTA ## Footnote kasama lahat sa trypanosoma spp.

Blood parasites recovered in the blood, except: A. Leishmania donovani B. Plasmodium C. Microfilaria D. Taenia spp. E. Babesia spp.

Some parasites (e.g., Trypanosoma spp., microfilariae; nematodes) that can be detected by observing motility under low- and high-power magnification.

Fresh Wet Preparation

# Fresh Wet Preparation TOF. Species identification is not possible for this method.

# Stained Smears prepared from 2-3 small drops of blood which are mixed and spread with continuous movement over an area which is about 2m in diameter

THICK

Thick Smear: A. thick at one end and thin and feathery at the other end B. dehemoglobinized prior to staining C. most useful in species identification of malarial parasites

Thin smear: A. rapid diagnosis of malarial infection B. used in the demonstration of microfilariae C. slides are fixed with methanol before staining

C (applicable to thick also)

# Stains for blood parasites preferred stain because it allows for the detection of parasite detail necessary for species identification

Giemsa Stain

# Giemsa Stain A. RBC = white B. WBC = purple C. Eosinophils = deep brown D. Neutrophils = light pink purple

# Giemsa Stain A. Sheath = clear B. Cytoplasm = light blue C. Nuclei = purple D. Schuffner's dots = black

Stain of choice for peripheral blood smear preparation or hematology

Wright’s stain

# Wright’s stain TOF. Fixation is needed.

F (because it already contains alcoho)

# Wright’s stain Stained smears show: A. WBC = Bright blue nuclei B. eosinophilic = bright purple red C. neutrophilic = pink

All

Delafield hematoxylin A. Useful in demonstrating the detailed structures of entamoeba. B. thick films are dehemoglobinized in 2% formalin with 1% acetic acid C. The main stain is a mixture of hematoxylin and sodium hydroxide

# Delafield hematoxylin Stained smears could be permanently mounted with? A. canada balsam stain B. trichome stain C. acid fast stain

Canada balsam or permount

# Capillary Tube Method After centrifugation, there will be three (3) layers:

Red cell layer White cell layer Plasma

# Capillary Tube Method Microfilariae and trypanosomes can be readily visualized under a microscope at what area of the tube?

buffy coat area

# Capillary Tube Method TOF. Trypanosomes and Microfilaria are concentrated at the buffy coat portion.

F (tryp and leishmania)

TOF. The capillary tube can be broken down at the area of the white cell layer after centrifugation of the capillary tube

# Capillary tube method White cell layer can be spread and stained with? A. Giemsa B. Wright’s stain.

Both

# Quantitative Buffy Coat Makes use of a capillary tube which is precoated with?

acridine orange and potassium oxalate

# Quantitative Buffy Coat This is inserted to enlarge the layers

Cylindrical float

# Quantitative Buffy Coat After centrifugation, the tube is read using an?

ultraviolet microscope

# Quantitative Buffy Coat DNA of the parasites takes up the what stain causing fluorescence among the non-fluorescing red blood cells. A. acridine orange B. potassium oxalate

A BADINGGGGG

Useful in the demonstration of malaria parasites, microfilariae, trypanosomes and Babesia

Quantitative Buffy Coat

Designed to concentrate blood specimens suspected of containing low numbers of microfilariae.

Knott’s Concentration

# Knott’s Concentration 1 mL of venipuncture collected blood can be mixed with 10mL (9mL) of ?

2% formalin

# Knott’s Concentration Kind of smear?

Thick

# Knott’s Concentration After drying, it is subsequently stained using?

Giemsa-stained

Also useful when the density of microfilariae is low.

Membrane Filtration

Makes use of syringe attached to a Swinney filter holder

Membrane Filtration

# Membrane Filtration mL of fresh or anticoagulated blood

# Membrane Filtration lysed by adding?

10mL of distilled water

# Membrane Filtration lysed blood is then passed through the?

Swinney membrane filter

# Membrane Filtration What will be recovered from the Swinney membrane filter

microfilariae

# membrane filtration TOF. The membrane filter can be examined like a wet smear preparation or may be dried, fixed and then stained.

Specimens submitted for culture: A. bone marrow B. percutaneous C. dirt under the nails

medium is an example f common culture medium designed for the recovery of Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi.

Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN)

# Culture This is inoculated by the addition of a single drop of collected blood or ground tissue.

NNN Slant

# Culture added to the medium if the specimen originates from a source that may contain bacteria

Penicillin

For the diagnosis of amebic conditions and African sleeping sickness

Cerebrospinal Fluid and Other Body Fluids

Parasites found in the CSF

NATToMiTE * Naegleria fowleri * Acantamoeba spp. * Trypanosoma spp. Trypomastigotes * Toxoplasma gondii * Microsporidia * Taenia solium cysticercus larvae * Echinococcus spp

# CSF and Other If Naegleria or Acantamoeba are suspected of being potential pathogens, the specimen can be cultured on?

non-nutrient agar seeded with Escherichia coli

# CSF and Other The CSF sediment is inoculated to the medium, sealed, and incubated at?

35c

Other Sterile Fluids: A. Fluid present in cysts B. Aspirates C. Peritoneal fluid D. Pleural fluid E. Bronchial washings

ALL

# Sputum best time of collection

Specimen should be collected early in the morning

TOF. Saliva is not appropriate for examination

# Sputum May be examined directly via: A. wet iodine preparation B. n-acetylcysteine

Both

# What specimen can this be seen? Paragonimus westermani Strongyloides stercoralis E.histolytica, E. gingivalis, Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworms

Sputum

# Tissue and Intestinal Biopsy TOF. Not recommended for the recovery of a number of parasites, including intracellular.

# Tissue and Intestinal Biopsy Is the preferred method for handling these samples

impression smears

# Tissue and Intestinal Biopsy Organisms: A. Trypanosoma spp. B. Trichinella spiralis C. Microsporidia

ALL ## Footnote napagud na aq

the specimen of choice for patients suspected of liver abscesses caused by E. histolytica

HEPATIC ABSCESS

# Urine and Genital Specimen Specimen of choice for the detection of?

Schistosoma haematobium eggs, Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites

# Urine and Genital Specimen TOF. Microfilariae can sometimes be found

T ## Footnote with a heavy filarial infection

# Genital Specimen What are usually collected and examined for the presence of T. vaginalis trophozoites?

Vaginal, urethral specimens and prostatic secretions

# Genital Specimen A. collected in a swab of collection up with a lid B. Iodine wet preparations

# Genital Specimen MEthod of choice

Saline wet preparations

Alternative techniques for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis includes, except: Latex agglutination Surgical removal EIA Nucleic acid probe Culture methods

Surgical removal

# Eye Specimens This parasite best diagnosed by the collection and examination of corneal scrapings (aka touch prep or pressure smear)

A. keratitis

# Eye Specimens Ways on processing the samples: A. Wet preparation B. Scrapings and stained using the calcofluor white

# Eye Specimens color of Acantamoeba cysts

apple green

Eye ba organisms

oo Acanthamoeba T. gondii Microsporidia Loa loa

# Mouth Scrapings or Nasal Discharge Naegleria fowleri

Nasal

# Mouth Scrapings or Nasal Discharge E. gingivalis Trichomonas tenax

Mouth

# Skin scrapings Useful in the detection of?

Onchocerca volvulus

# Skin scrapings this may be made using one of two collection techniques

Skin snips

# Skin scrapings TOF. Bleeding during scraping is usually normal.

F (make sure no bleeding)

# Skin scrapings TOF. Other techniques uses a razor blade with which a small cut into the skin is made.

Appropriate specimens from patients suspected of suffering from Leishmania and Trypanosoma and Toxoplasma

Animal Inoculation and Xenodiagnosis

a technique used for the diagnosis of Chagas’ disease

Xenodiagnosis

Utilize white mice to grow schistosomes into adults and the feces of the animal are collected for the eggs

Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT)

# Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT) Produces what that can cause precipitation reactions on the eggs of the parasites

antibodies

# COPT TOF. For Babesia spp.

# COPT TOF. Recovers S. mansoni and S. japonicum.

# COPT What result is BLEB formation on the eggs

Positive result

# COPT Incubation

34ºC for 24 hours

# COPT In a well slide, how much of the patient's serum is placed?

3 drops or 0.075mL of the patient’s serum (blood)

# COPT After the addition of the serum, add 1 drop of?

egg suspension

# COPT cover glass, rimmed with a thin layer of what??? is placed on top of the well, to prevent drying of mixture

petroleum jelly

(P) Lec 2: Specimen Collection, Procedure and Fixatives Flashcards

Rupert-based