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Diagnostic Parasitology > (F) Cestodes: Cont. of Cyclophyllidea (module-based) > Flashcards

(F) Cestodes: Cont. of Cyclophyllidea (module-based) Flashcards

1
Q
  • It has a cosmopolitan distribution but more common in warm than cold countries
  • a common tapeworm of man in Hawaii
  • It is the only tapeworm that does not need, or utilize, an intermediate host.
A

HYMENOLEPIS NANA

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2
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA

AKA

A

dwarf tapeworm

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3
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA

Adult worm inhabits where?

be espisipik

A

upper 2/3rd of the ileum

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4
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA

TOF. It has a lifespan of several days.

A

F (weeks)

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5
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: MORPHOLOGY

Adult worms measure up to?

A

40mm long

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6
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: MORPHOLOGY

Scolex
* Rhomboid scolex with how many cup-like suckers?
* (short/long) rostellum with (number) of spines ARRANGED in a SINGLE RING

A
  • 4
  • Short (20-40 spines)
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7
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: MORPHOLOGY

Which does not belong in the immature segment
A. Short and narrow
B. Broad proglottids
C. Most distal segments are pointy
D. NOTA

A

C (all are correct except C, it is rounded)

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8
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: MORPHOLOGY

In what segment are three (3) rounded testes, a bi-lobed ovary, and saccular uterus are found?

A

Mature segments

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9
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: MORPHOLOGY

  • 30 - 47 um in diameter
  • Spherical or sub-spherical, oncosphere (hexacanth embryo) enclosed in an inner envelope with 2 polar thickenings having 4 - 8 polar filaments each
A

Egg

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10
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: MORPHOLOGY

The presence of what part is diagnostic and serves to differentiate H. nana egg from that of H. diminuta?

located in the egg

A

polar filaments

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11
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: MORPHOLOGY

No. of polar filaments

A

4-8

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12
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: LIFE CYCLE

MOT of Man

A
  • Ingestion of viable embryonated eggs
  • Person-to-person contact
  • Hand-to-mouth transfer
  • Vector (possibly, accidental intermediate host)
  • Contaminated food or water
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13
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: LIFE CYCLE

The embryonated eggs hatch where in the body?

A

stomach or small intestine

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14
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: LIFE CYCLE

After hatching, the freed oncosphere penetrates the villi of the anterior part of the small intestine where, after a few days, it develops into a?

A

cysticercoid larva

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15
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: LIFE CYCLE

Days of Maturation

A

2 weeks

larva na siya kaya pwede na siya magproduce ng egg

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16
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: LIFE CYCLE

How are eggs released if there is no uterine pore?

A

Apolysis

Disintegration of most distal proglottids (kung nasaan yung gravid segment)

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17
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

TOF. Generally, the infection is usually well tolerated even among patients with heavy worm load and clinical manifestation is often due to allergic reactions.

A

T

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18
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

Patients may manifest? (6)

A
  • headache
  • dizziness
  • anorexia
  • pruritus of nose and anus
  • periodic diarrhea
  • abdominal distress
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19
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA: CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

Children may manifest (4)

A
  • lack of appetite
  • abdominal pain
  • with or without diarrhea
  • vomiting, and dizziness
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20
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA

Lab diagnosis

A

DFS

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21
Q

HYMENOLEPIS NANA

Treatment and Prevention available

A
  • Treatment: niclosamide, praziquantel and paromomycin
  • Measures: improve the hygiene habits, especially among children, environmental sanitation, proper and safe human waste disposal, and effective methods of rodent control
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22
Q

HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA

AKA

A

commonly called the rat tapeworm

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23
Q

HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA

MOT

A
  • accidental ingestion of an intermediate host (may be present in foods, flour, or hands that contains the cysticercoid larva)
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24
Q

HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA

Intermediate hosts

A

Fleas

fleas fleas fleas

Ctenocephalides canis (dog flea), Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea), Xeonpsylla cheopis and Nosopsyllus fasciatus (rat flea), and Pulex irritans (human flea)

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25
Q

HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA: LIFE CYCLE

Inhabit

A

Small intestine

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26
Q

HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA: LIFE CYCLE

MOT of intermediate host

A

intermediate hosts ingest the mature eggs that may have been discharged in the environment together with the feces (by the definitive host)

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27
Q

HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA: LIFE CYCLE

The liberated oncosphere penetrates what part of the insect to mature into an infective stage to the definitive host?

A

hemocele

28
Q

HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA: CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

TOF. Well tolerated by man always.

A

F (oftentimes)

29
Q

HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA: CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

TOF. Most infected individuals are symptomatic.

A

F (a simp)

30
Q

HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA: CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

Some patients may experience (anorexia/obesity)

A

anorexia

kainin mo raw to para pumayat ka

31
Q

HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA

LAB DIAGNOSIS

A

Diagnosis can be conformed thru recovery of eggs in fecal specimens.

32
Q

HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA

Treatment and Prevention

A
  • Treatment: Praziquantel and niclosamide
  • Measures: (1) Avoid exposure to the intermediate host (2) Control measures to eradicate the intermediate host (3) Proper disposal of human excreta (4) Rodent control (5) Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of infected individuals
33
Q
  • causes dipylidiasis or dog tapeworm infection
  • common tapeworm of dogs and cats throughout the world
A

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM

34
Q

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM

AKA

A

double pored dog tapeworm

35
Q

double pored dog tapeworm

Adult worm inhabits where?

A

small intestine of the definitive host

36
Q

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM: LIFE CYCLE

Eggs that hatch in the intestine of these arthropods develop into?

A

procercoid larva

36
Q

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM: LIFE CYCLE

MOT

A

Ingestion of cysticercoid larva

in the body of the arthropod intermediate host

37
Q

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM: LIFE CYCLE

Days of Maturation in man

A

3-4 weeks

38
Q

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM: LIFE CYCLE

The procercoid larva later transform into what stage in the body of the adult flea?

A

cysticercoid larva

39
Q

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM: LIFE CYCLE

definitive hosts

A

Dogs
Cats
Man (occasionally)

40
Q

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM: LIFE CYCLE

Intermediate host

A
  • Ctenocephalides canis
  • Ctenocephalides felis
  • Pulex irritans
  • Trichodectes canis (dog louse)
41
Q

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM: LIFE CYCLE

All cases were among children ingesting the infected dog or cat fleas because?

A

they kiss or are licked by infected pets

42
Q

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM: CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

Symptoms among children (mild)

A
  • light intestinal disturbances, (indigestion, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, diarrhea)
  • Anal itchiness due to migrating segments
43
Q

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM:

LAB DIAGNOSIS

A
  • Recovery and identification of eggs, contained in a capsule (diagnostic) in direct fecal smear and/or the gravid (may also include mature) segments will confirm the diagnosis
44
Q

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM:

Treatment and prevention

A
  • Treatment: Niclosamide and praziquantel
  • Preventive measures: control of dog and/or cat fleas, regular cleaning of dogs, cats, and other animals in or near the house, early diagnosis and prompt treatment of infected persons and proper disposal of human excreta
45
Q
  • Causes unilocular echinococcosis or hydatid disease among humans
  • Man does not harbor adult worms.
  • Human infection is limited
  • Most extensive and intensive enzootic endemic regions are sheep and/or cattle raising countries
  • Prevelance depends on intimate association of humans with infected dogs
  • Dog owners have a greater risk of infection than non-owners or dogs
  • Adult worms are attached at the mucosal wall of the small intestine of dogs, wolves, jackals, coyotes, foxes, and other carnivores
A

Echinococcus granulosus

46
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

AKA

A

hydatid worm

47
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Life Cycle

Definitive host

A

Dog

48
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Life Cycle

MOT

A

Ingestion on the viscere of an intermediate host infected with hydatid larvae

49
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Life Cycle

Intermediate host

A

Sheep, goat, camel, ox, hog, cattle, man and other suitable intermediate hosts

50
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Life Cycle

Hatch (Inter. host)

A

Duodenum of the intermediate host

51
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Life Cycle

There two types of cycle:

A
  1. Pastoral
  2. Sylvatic
52
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Life Cycle

MOT to huamns

A
  • ingestion of the eggs, which is chiefly a hand-to-mouth transfer
53
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Pathogenesis

Cysts may be distributed in?

organ

A

Liver

may include secondary peritoneal invasion, lungs, kidneys, bones, brain, and other tissues such as muscle, spleen, eyes, heart, and thyroid

53
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Pathogenesis

adjacent tissues undergo atrophy and pressure necrosis occurs due to?

A

growing cyst

which can also cause vascular constriction

53
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Pathogenesis

  • evoke inflammatory reactions to surrounding tissues that produce encapsulating fibrous adventitia.
  • impairs an organ mainly due to mechanical pressure
A

Unilocular cyst

53
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Clinical Manifestation

A
54
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Clinical Manifestation

Cyst at the dome of the liver grows slowly and persists even as long as how many years before producing noticeable symptoms?

A

30

54
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Clinical Manifestation

Pressure on bile ducts may result to?

A

obstructive jaundice and on the ureters

55
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Clinical Manifestation

triad of manifestations in cases of biliary duct obstruction includes

A
  • Jaundice
  • Fever
  • Eosinophilia
56
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Clinical Manifestation

Early manifestations

A

slight hemoptysis, cough, dyspnea, transient thoracic pain, palpitation, tachy-cardia, and pruritus.

familiarize ka lang kapag mga ganito ok

57
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Clinical Manifestation

may produce intermittent pain, hematuria, and kidney dysfunction

anong cyst

A

Renal cyst

58
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Clinical Manifestation

A
59
Q

Echinococcus granulosus: Clinical Manifestation

increase intracranial pressure and Jacksonian type of epilepsy

A. Osseous hydatid
B. Renal cyst
C. Brain cyst
D. Splenic cyst

A

C

60
Q

may produce dull pain and bulging of the ribs, whereas spotty areas of dullness and resonance on percussion may be demonstrated with pelvic cysts

A

splenic cyst

61
Q

ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS

Laboratory Diagnosis

A
  • Radiologic examinations such as X-ray, CT-scan, and ultrasonography
  • Demonstration of protoscolices, brood capsules and/or daughter cysts after surgical removal
  • Hydatid fragments in sputum or urine
  • Serologic tests can also be used, this include E.L.I.S.A., H.I.A., Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA), and IEP (Immune electrophoresis).
62
Q

Lifecycle: D. granulosus

  1. Intermediate host are chiefly herbivores, in whose organs and tissues, the larval form becomes unilocular hydatid cyst.
  2. Occurs in wolves
  3. The most important host is sheep.
  4. Hydatid cyst develops in wild ungulates (moose and reindeer) and human are less likely to become infected as accidental host.

A. Sylvatic
B. Pastoral

A

BABA

Diagnostic Parasitology (36 decks)

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