(P) Hemoflagellates and Ciliates Flashcards
These are aka blood and tissue flagellates
Hemoflagellates
What class do hemoflagellates belong to?
Zoomastigophorea
TOF: Hemoflagellates have chromatophores
False (do not)
Member species of kinetoplastida are disease-producing parasites which need what vectors for transmission?
Blood-sucking insects
Hemoflagellates inhabit what 2 body parts?
Tissues and blood
What biologic vectors do hemoflagellates need?
Blood-sucking insects
What are the 4 developmental stages of hemoflagellates?
- Amastigote
- Promastigote
- Epimastigote
- Trypomastigote
Mnemonics: APET (kasi apat sila)
TOF: All hemoflagellate species have all 4 developmental stages
False (some only have the amastigote and promastigote stage)
Hemoflagellate: Stages of Development
This is round, ovoid, or shaped like a torpedo (torpedo form), is singly nucleated, non-flagellate, with a prominent kinetoplast and axoneme
Amastigote
Hemoflagellate: Stages of Development
TOF: The amastigote is the first form to have a flagella
False (promastigote)
Hemoflagellate: Stages of Development
This is elongated (elliptical) with pointed ends, singly nucleated, with a prominent kinetoplast and axoneme with an anterior flagellum
Promastigote
Hemoflagellate: Stages of Development
This is elongated (elliptical), curved, with a prominent kinetoplast at the anterior near the single nucleus, has an undulating membrane that extends from the kinetoplast to the most anterior end with a free flagellum
Epimastigote
Hemoflagellate: Stages of Development
This is curved, S or C-shaped, has a single nucleus and plenty of volutin granules on the sides, has prominent kinetoplast near the tip of the posterior end while the undulating membrane extends to the entire length of the body with a free flagellum
Trypomastigote
Hemoflagellate: Stages of Development
What stages have a free flagellum?
Epimastigote and Trypomastigote
Hemoflagellate: Stages of Development
What stages have a single nucleus?
All four of them
TOF: Some hemoflagellate species exhibit different characteristics/stages when in the human and insect vector, some can exist in one or the other, or both
True
The “bulging kinetoplast” is the characteristic feature of what hemoflagellate stage?
Trypomastigote
This is an intracellular parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis, Kala-azar, death fever, and Dum-dum fever (most severe form of leishmaniasis)
Leishmania donovani
Leishmania donovani
What is the most severe form of leishmaniasis?
Dum-dum fever
Leishmania donovani
What is the definitive and intermediate host of Leishmania donovani?
Definitive: Humans
Intermediate: Sandflies
Leishmania donovani
This is the stage (A-P-E-T) that can be found in the mononuclear phagocyte and circulatory system of man
Amastigote
Leishmania donovani
The amastigote is intracellular and non-motile because it lacks what?
An external flagellum
Leishmania donovani
TOF: The amastigote form is motile
False (it lacks an external flagellum)
Leishmania donovani
This is the extracellular and motile stage (A-P-E-T) occurring in the alimentary tract of the insect vector and are the ones that grow in artificial culture media
Promastigote
Leishmania donovani
Promastigotes are injected by what during their blood meals?
Sandflies
Leishmania donovani
Some Leishmania donovani promastigotes enter the circulation and are destroyed by macrophagic cytolysis while some are taken up through what process by mononuclear phagocytes?
Phagocytosis
Leishmania donovani
Phagocytosis of the promastigotes happens in what kind of cells of the spleen, liver, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, and mesenteric lymph nodes?
Reticuloendothelial cells
Leishmania donovani
TOF: The Leishmania donovani promastigotes can also be present in the endothelial cells of the kidneys, suprarenal capsules, lungs, meninges, and CSF
True
Leishmania donovani
What is the scientific name for sandflies?
Phlebotomus papataci
Leishmania donovani
TOF: Promastigotes within the intestines of the sandflies transform into amastigotes after their blood meals
False (reverse)
Leishmania donovani
How do the promastigotes multiply?
Via longitudinal binary fission
Leishmania donovani
After the transformation of the amastigote to the promastigote in the sandfly’s intestines, it migrates to where?
Pharynx of the insect where it will be injected into man once it starts its blood meal again
Leishmania donovani
If promastigotes multiply by longitudinal binary fission, how do amastigotes multiply?
Simple binary fission
Leishmania donovani
What is the infective stage to humans and insects?
Promastigotes to humans; Amastigotes to insects (reversal as to what they acquire vs. what is already within them)
Leishmania donovani
Once the promastigotes are engulfed by reticuloendothelial cells, it transforms into what stage until the host cell is fillied up with it?
Amastigotes
Amastigote (insect) > Promastigote (insect) > Amastigote (human)
Leishmania donovani
Once the host cell is destroyed by the colony of amastigotes, they are released and are taken up by?
Phagocytes
Leishmania donovani
Once an infected person gets their blood sucked on by another sandfly, what stage is it on?
Amastigote
Basically, the promastigote only exists within the pharynx of the vector
Leishmania donovani
These cells with amastigote stages within them are set free in the circulation, from skin to viscera, what is the cell?
Macrophages
Leishmania donovani
Amastigotes that are released in the circulation because they are colonized with amastigotes are taken by what cells?
Fixed macrophages (in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and other centers of reticuloendothelial activity)
Leishmania donovani
If Leishmania donovani stimulates the proliferation of macrophages in the bone marrow which comprises of various blood cells, what are the conditions that will be manifested? (2 answers)
Granulocytopenia (decreased WBCs) and anemia (decreased RBCs)
Leishmania donovani
Infection can cause enlargement of the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes; specifically when the spleen is enlarged, it is referred to as hypersplenism which has what effect on the RBCs?
Causes more destruction of the RBCs
Leishmania donovani
As the host’s humoral immunity is also stimulated, there is an increased production of what protein leading to the reversal of the albumin-globulin ratio?
Globulin
Leishmania donovani
As the infection reverses the albumin-globulin ratio, it is referred to as a form of what illness?
Reticuloendotheliosis
Leishmania donovani
The incubation period lasts for how long?
From less than 10 days or more than one year (girl pick a struggle tf)
Leishmania donovani
Patients will have an undulant fever which could have how many peaks in a day?
2 peaks
Leishmania donovani
The manifestation of decreased RBCs is accompanied with a decreased WBC count as well, this condition is referred to as?
Anemia with Leukopenia
Leishmania donovani
Both the spleen and liver are enlarged during infection (splenomegaly and hepatomegaly), but which is more enlarged than the other?
Hepatomegaly
Leishmania donovani
This complication arises when the organism transforms from viscerotropic to dermatropic (internal organs to the skin) resulting in skin lesions
Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis
Leishmania donovani
Skin lesions of the Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis manifest what symptom everywhere on the body with less on the face, hands, and feet?
Hypopigmented macules (discolored skin)
Leishmania donovani
Nodule formation on the nose, chin, cheek, lips, forehead, and ears can mimic what other disease?
Leprosy
Leishmania donovani
TOF: Physical examination findings can be used to diagnose Leishmania donovani
False
Leishmania donovani
TOF: Findings in the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes are specific for Leishmania donovani
False (not specific)
Leishmania donovani
The biopsy of what organs can be used to demonstrate amastigotes?
Spleen, liver, or lymph nodes
Leishmania donovani
What sample is preferred more than the tissue biopsy because of it being safer and less tedious?
Bone marrow aspiration
Leishmania donovani
This serologic test may be used to test for immunity against Leishmania donovani
Montenegro (Leishmanin) Test
Leishmania donovani
What medication is used for visceral Leishmaniasis?
IV Liposomal Amphotericin B (L-AmB)
Leishmania donovani
What medication is used for cutaneous, visceral, and mucosal Leishmaniasis?
Oral Miltefosine
The “Sleeping Sickness” is caused by 2 subspecies of what?
Trypanosoma brucei (gambiense or rhodesiense)
The “Sleeping Sickness” is aka what?
Human African Trypanosomiasis
Human African Trypanosomiasis is transmitted to man by what organism under the name Glossina palpalis/Glossina morsitans?
Tsetse Fly