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Diagnostic Parasitology > (M) Nematoda: Secernentea: Spirurida (lecture-based) > Flashcards

(M) Nematoda: Secernentea: Spirurida (lecture-based) Flashcards

G. spinigerum, W. bancrofti, B. malayi, Loa loa, O. volvulus, M. ozzardi and persians

1
Q

Superfamily of Spirurida

A

Superfamily: Gnathostomatoidea
* Gnathostoma spinigerum
Superfamily: Filarioidea
* Wuchereria bancrofti
* Brugia malayi
* Lod loa
* Onchocerca volvulus
* Mansonella ozzardi
* Mansonella persians

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2
Q
  • first discovered in the Stomach Wall of a Tiger that died at London Zoo in 1836.
  • Was first described in Humans in 1899 in Thailand.
  • By: C.M.R Levinson
  • Endemic in Southeast Asia
  • Particularly Thailand and Japan.
A

Gnathostoma spinigerum

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3
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Definite host

A

Animals (pigs, cats, dogs)

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4
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Paratenic host

A

Snake & Duck

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5
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Infective stage in first intermediate host

A

L1 larva

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6
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

If ingested by small Crustaceans (water arthropods), it develops later on to a third stage larva (L3). This is the?

A

First intermediate host

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7
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

They deposit the eggs, unembryonated in the body of water, Where it develops into embryonated eggs.
Where later on releases and develop the?

A

Larva L1

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8
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

In the first Intermediate Host, it develops into becoming an?

Context: The small creature, if ingested by a larger sea animal develops into becoming an?

A

L2 larva

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9
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

The small creature, if ingested by larger sea animals. That L1 larva develops already into an?

A

L2 larva

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10
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

the Infective Stage for the Second Intermediate Host

A

L2 larva

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11
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

The L2 Larva becomes the Infective Stage for the Second Intermediate Host, where it develops into

A

L3

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12
Q

TOF. The L3 larva remains infective but d does not develop futher if ingested by a paratenic host.

A

T

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13
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

When the 2nd Intermediate Host is ingested by the Definitive Host, that’s when the L3 develops into an

A

Adult worm

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14
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Infective stage

A

L3 larva

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15
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Accidental host

A

humans

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16
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

MOT

A
  • Eating Undercooked Fish.
  • Drinking Water with Copepods.
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17
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

For Humans, the infective stage could be? (2)

A
  • The L2 Larva within the lst Intermediate Host (smol crustacean)
  • The L3 larva within the 2nd Intermediate Host (bigger sea animal)
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18
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Clinical manifestation

A
  • Gnathostomiasis Interna
  • Cutaneous Gnathostomiasis
  • Visceral Gnathostomiasis
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19
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Adult Worms are coiled inside the Tumors in the Digestive Tract of the definitive Hosts (Dogs & Cats).

A

Gnathostomiasis Interna

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20
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

  • Intermittent Migratory Swellings (nodular migratory panniculitis, usually affecting the trunk of upper limbs.
  • Non-pitting edematous swellings vary in size and may be pruritic, painful, or erythematous
A

Cutaneous gnathostomiasis

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21
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

  • Pulmonary
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Genitourinary
  • Ocular
  • Auricular
  • CNS
A

Visceral Gnathostomiasis

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22
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Laboratory diagnosis

A
  • Demonstration & Identification of the Worm from the Lesion.
  • Skin Test using Specific Antigen.
  • Precipitin Test
  • ELISA
  • Immunoblot to detect the Specific 24-kDa Band.
  • MRI for Migratory Lesions
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23
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Treatment

A

Surgical Removal
Albendazole
Mebendazole
Ivermectin

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24
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Prevention

A
    • Proper and Adequate Cooking of Fishes, Chicken, Ducks, or Frog.
  • Drinking only Clean and Safe Water.
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25
* Blood and Tissue Nematodes. * Vector-borne Nematodes.
filarial worms
26
* Lives in the Tissues and/or Body Cavities of Vertebrates. * Larviparous or Viviparous. * Female worms are larviparous and insect vectors are needed for transmission of the infection.
Filiarial worms
27
# Filiarial worms Definitive hosts
Veterbrates
28
Laid Larvae are called
microfilaria
29
Egg Membranes are still Intact when Laid.
Sheathed Microfilaria Worms
30
* Egg Membrane is Lost during the Development. * The egg membrane may have been lost during birth or is retained in the uterus of the adult worm.
Unsheathed Microfilariae Worms
31
# Microfilaria Periodicity: most abundant
Night (10pm to 2/4am)
32
# Microfilaria Periodicity: release microfilaria during the day as well as night
Diurnal
33
# Filarial worms Infective stage
L3 larva
34
# Filarial worms Feeding time
crawl to the puncture site of the mosquito
35
# Filarial worms living in tissues, lymph vessels, or body cavities, lay microfilariae that enter the blood or lymphatic vessels.
Adult females
36
# Filarial worms Feeding time:
The larva will crawl to the puncture site of the mosquito.
37
# Filarial worms sucked by the insect vector, pass through the gut's wall and into the hemocele of the insect.
microfilariae
38
# Filarial worms It is a substance coming from the mosquito, which protects the larva.
Hemolymph
39
# Filarial worms L2 develops into the 3rd stage filiform larva (L3), which goes into some parts of the?
vector's mouth or salivary glands
40
# Filarial worms MOT to man
3rd stage larva is injected into the skin of the vertebrate host (man) when the insect takes a blood meal
41
Enumerate sheathed filaria worms
* Wuchereria bancrofti * Brugia malayi * Loa loa
42
* Causative agent of Bancroftian's filariasis. * Affects the Lower Limb (Sometimes Scrotum).
Wuchereria bancrofti
43
# Wuchereria bancrofti vectors/transmitters
Aedes Anopheles Culex Mansonia
44
# Wuchereria bancrofti Present in what countries?
Turkey Shandong-China South and North Japan, Philippines (mainly Bicol region), Celebes Other SE Asian Countries (Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Vietnam, New Guinea, Sumatra, and Indonesia.) India Africa ## Footnote bat di nalang sinabi world wide
45
# Wuchereria bancrofti Periodicity?
Nocturnal (10pm-2am)
46
Malayan Filariasis * Secondary Kink, Upper Limb.
Brugia malayi
47
# Brugia malayi Periodicity
nocturnal
48
# Brugia malayi Vectors/Transmitters are species of.
Aedes Culex Mansonia Anopheles
49
# Brugia malayi Endemic in
India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, North Vietnam, China, South Korea, Japan
50
# Brugia malayi Adult worms in Lymphatic Vessels and Glands are similar to?
W. brancrofti ## Footnote Threadlike, smooth, and tapered on both ends but bluntly rounded at the terminal part.
51
Endemic in * West & Central Africa * Nigeria * Cameroon * Zaire
Loa loa
52
Adult worms inhabiting Subcutaneous Tissues have a: Pair of Lateral Papillae * Two Pairs of Sub-Median Papillae * All of which Are Sessile and are Small
Loa loa
53
Causes calabar or fugitive swelling
Loa loa
54
Loa loa AKA?
eye worm
55
# Loa loa periodicity
diurnal
56
# Loa loa Vectors/Transmitters
* Tabanid flies of Genus Chrysops * Deer Fly * Horsefly * Mango Fly * Mangrove Fly
57
Unsheathed Filarial Worms
* Onchocerca volvulus * Mansonella ozzardi * Mansonella perstans
58
Onchocerca volvulus is AKA
Convoluted filaria
59
Convoluted filaria produces?
Onchocerciasis or River blindness
60
This is present in Senegal, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Uganda, Mexico
O. volvulus
61
# O. volvulus Transmitters
Blackflies of Genus Simulium
62
They may be found in the blood, urine, and sputum
O. volvulus
63
# O. volvulus Commonly resides
in the lymphatic system of the connective tissues
64
Cutaneous layers in an Area around the Adult Worms in the Corneal Conjunctivae. | pa-identify nalang anu parasite
O. volvulus
65
They can be found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Trinidad, Colombia, and Panama.
Mansonella ozzardi
66
M. ozzardi AKA?
Ozzard's filaria
67
Ozzard's filaria produces
Mansonelliasis ozzardi
68
# Ozzard's filaria Vectors/Transmitters
Midges or Genus culicoides
69
Native in South America & Africa
Mansonella perstans
70
M. perstans AKA
Dipetalonema perstans
71
# M. perstans vectors/transmitters
Midges of Genus Cullicoides
72
# M. perstans Periodicity
Non-periodic
73
# M. perstans Adult worms inhabit the?
body cavities
74
Available lab diagnosis for Filarial worms
* Knott's concentration technique * Biopsy (haematoxylin-Eosin method) * Recovery of Microfilariae in Blood Films or Lymphatic Fluids (Giemsa or Wright's) * Serological test
75
TOF. When most of the clinical signs/symptoms are prominent, it is the time when the microfilariae tend to be very few in the blood.
T
76
TOF. During the sub-clinical period, the blood is full of organisms.
F (oftentimes free; walang organism)
77
Available treatments
* Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) * Ivermectin
78
79
Which both kill the microfilariae and adult worms is the drug of choice for lymphatic filariasis.
Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC)
80
TOF. The main goal is to kill the microfilariae since they are the ones causing the pathology.
F (adult worm)
81
TOF. During the early phases of chronic disease is not affected by any medications.
F (late phases)
82
is effective against the microfilariae of W. bancrofti only, not the adult worm.
Ivermectin
83
# Sheathed/Unsheated worms control and prevention | FAMILIARIZE
* Public education, especially those at risk of the infection. * Early Diagnosis and Immediate Treatment. * Which in turn control transmission to vectors will markedly reduce incidence of the infection. * * Use of insect repellants, mosquito nets, changing the nature of the mosquitoes' breeding places will greatly lower the incidence of infection.

Diagnostic Parasitology (36 decks)

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