(M) Nematoda: Secernentea: Spirurida (lecture-based) Flashcards
G. spinigerum, W. bancrofti, B. malayi, Loa loa, O. volvulus, M. ozzardi and persians
Superfamily of Spirurida
Superfamily: Gnathostomatoidea
* Gnathostoma spinigerum
Superfamily: Filarioidea
* Wuchereria bancrofti
* Brugia malayi
* Lod loa
* Onchocerca volvulus
* Mansonella ozzardi
* Mansonella persians
- first discovered in the Stomach Wall of a Tiger that died at London Zoo in 1836.
- Was first described in Humans in 1899 in Thailand.
- By: C.M.R Levinson
- Endemic in Southeast Asia
- Particularly Thailand and Japan.
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Definite host
Animals (pigs, cats, dogs)
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Paratenic host
Snake & Duck
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Infective stage in first intermediate host
L1 larva
Gnathostoma spinigerum
If ingested by small Crustaceans (water arthropods), it develops later on to a third stage larva (L3). This is the?
First intermediate host
Gnathostoma spinigerum
They deposit the eggs, unembryonated in the body of water, Where it develops into embryonated eggs.
Where later on releases and develop the?
Larva L1
Gnathostoma spinigerum
In the first Intermediate Host, it develops into becoming an?
Context: The small creature, if ingested by a larger sea animal develops into becoming an?
L2 larva
Gnathostoma spinigerum
The small creature, if ingested by larger sea animals. That L1 larva develops already into an?
L2 larva
Gnathostoma spinigerum
the Infective Stage for the Second Intermediate Host
L2 larva
Gnathostoma spinigerum
The L2 Larva becomes the Infective Stage for the Second Intermediate Host, where it develops into
L3
TOF. The L3 larva remains infective but d does not develop futher if ingested by a paratenic host.
T
Gnathostoma spinigerum
When the 2nd Intermediate Host is ingested by the Definitive Host, that’s when the L3 develops into an
Adult worm
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Infective stage
L3 larva
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Accidental host
humans
Gnathostoma spinigerum
MOT
- Eating Undercooked Fish.
- Drinking Water with Copepods.
Gnathostoma spinigerum
For Humans, the infective stage could be? (2)
- The L2 Larva within the lst Intermediate Host (smol crustacean)
- The L3 larva within the 2nd Intermediate Host (bigger sea animal)
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Clinical manifestation
- Gnathostomiasis Interna
- Cutaneous Gnathostomiasis
- Visceral Gnathostomiasis
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Adult Worms are coiled inside the Tumors in the Digestive Tract of the definitive Hosts (Dogs & Cats).
Gnathostomiasis Interna
Gnathostoma spinigerum
- Intermittent Migratory Swellings (nodular migratory panniculitis, usually affecting the trunk of upper limbs.
- Non-pitting edematous swellings vary in size and may be pruritic, painful, or erythematous
Cutaneous gnathostomiasis
Gnathostoma spinigerum
- Pulmonary
- Gastrointestinal
- Genitourinary
- Ocular
- Auricular
- CNS
Visceral Gnathostomiasis
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Laboratory diagnosis
- Demonstration & Identification of the Worm from the Lesion.
- Skin Test using Specific Antigen.
- Precipitin Test
- ELISA
- Immunoblot to detect the Specific 24-kDa Band.
- MRI for Migratory Lesions
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Treatment
Surgical Removal
Albendazole
Mebendazole
Ivermectin
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Prevention
- Proper and Adequate Cooking of Fishes, Chicken, Ducks, or Frog.
- Drinking only Clean and Safe Water.
- Blood and Tissue Nematodes.
- Vector-borne Nematodes.
filarial worms
- Lives in the Tissues and/or Body Cavities of Vertebrates.
- Larviparous or Viviparous.
- Female worms are larviparous and insect vectors are needed for transmission of the infection.
Filiarial worms
Filiarial worms
Definitive hosts
Veterbrates
Laid Larvae are called
microfilaria
Egg Membranes are still Intact when Laid.
Sheathed Microfilaria Worms
- Egg Membrane is Lost during the Development.
- The egg membrane may have been lost during birth or is retained in the uterus of the adult worm.
Unsheathed Microfilariae Worms
Microfilaria
Periodicity: most abundant
Night (10pm to 2/4am)
Microfilaria
Periodicity: release microfilaria during the day as well as night
Diurnal
Filarial worms
Infective stage
L3 larva