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Diagnostic Parasitology > (M) Nematoda: Secernentea: Spirurida (lecture-based) > Flashcards

(M) Nematoda: Secernentea: Spirurida (lecture-based) Flashcards

G. spinigerum, W. bancrofti, B. malayi, Loa loa, O. volvulus, M. ozzardi and persians

1
Q

Superfamily of Spirurida

A

Superfamily: Gnathostomatoidea
* Gnathostoma spinigerum
Superfamily: Filarioidea
* Wuchereria bancrofti
* Brugia malayi
* Lod loa
* Onchocerca volvulus
* Mansonella ozzardi
* Mansonella persians

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2
Q
  • first discovered in the Stomach Wall of a Tiger that died at London Zoo in 1836.
  • Was first described in Humans in 1899 in Thailand.
  • By: C.M.R Levinson
  • Endemic in Southeast Asia
  • Particularly Thailand and Japan.
A

Gnathostoma spinigerum

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3
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Definite host

A

Animals (pigs, cats, dogs)

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4
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Paratenic host

A

Snake & Duck

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5
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Infective stage in first intermediate host

A

L1 larva

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6
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

If ingested by small Crustaceans (water arthropods), it develops later on to a third stage larva (L3). This is the?

A

First intermediate host

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7
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

They deposit the eggs, unembryonated in the body of water, Where it develops into embryonated eggs.
Where later on releases and develop the?

A

Larva L1

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8
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

In the first Intermediate Host, it develops into becoming an?

Context: The small creature, if ingested by a larger sea animal develops into becoming an?

A

L2 larva

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9
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

The small creature, if ingested by larger sea animals. That L1 larva develops already into an?

A

L2 larva

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10
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

the Infective Stage for the Second Intermediate Host

A

L2 larva

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11
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

The L2 Larva becomes the Infective Stage for the Second Intermediate Host, where it develops into

A

L3

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12
Q

TOF. The L3 larva remains infective but d does not develop futher if ingested by a paratenic host.

A

T

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13
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

When the 2nd Intermediate Host is ingested by the Definitive Host, that’s when the L3 develops into an

A

Adult worm

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14
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Infective stage

A

L3 larva

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15
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Accidental host

A

humans

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16
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

MOT

A
  • Eating Undercooked Fish.
  • Drinking Water with Copepods.
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17
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

For Humans, the infective stage could be? (2)

A
  • The L2 Larva within the lst Intermediate Host (smol crustacean)
  • The L3 larva within the 2nd Intermediate Host (bigger sea animal)
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18
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Clinical manifestation

A
  • Gnathostomiasis Interna
  • Cutaneous Gnathostomiasis
  • Visceral Gnathostomiasis
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19
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Adult Worms are coiled inside the Tumors in the Digestive Tract of the definitive Hosts (Dogs & Cats).

A

Gnathostomiasis Interna

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20
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

  • Intermittent Migratory Swellings (nodular migratory panniculitis, usually affecting the trunk of upper limbs.
  • Non-pitting edematous swellings vary in size and may be pruritic, painful, or erythematous
A

Cutaneous gnathostomiasis

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21
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

  • Pulmonary
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Genitourinary
  • Ocular
  • Auricular
  • CNS
A

Visceral Gnathostomiasis

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22
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Laboratory diagnosis

A
  • Demonstration & Identification of the Worm from the Lesion.
  • Skin Test using Specific Antigen.
  • Precipitin Test
  • ELISA
  • Immunoblot to detect the Specific 24-kDa Band.
  • MRI for Migratory Lesions
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23
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Treatment

A

Surgical Removal
Albendazole
Mebendazole
Ivermectin

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24
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Prevention

A
    • Proper and Adequate Cooking of Fishes, Chicken, Ducks, or Frog.
  • Drinking only Clean and Safe Water.
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25
Q
  • Blood and Tissue Nematodes.
  • Vector-borne Nematodes.
A

filarial worms

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26
Q
  • Lives in the Tissues and/or Body Cavities of Vertebrates.
  • Larviparous or Viviparous.
  • Female worms are larviparous and insect vectors are needed for transmission of the infection.
A

Filiarial worms

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27
Q

Filiarial worms

Definitive hosts

A

Veterbrates

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28
Q

Laid Larvae are called

A

microfilaria

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29
Q

Egg Membranes are still Intact when Laid.

A

Sheathed Microfilaria Worms

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30
Q
  • Egg Membrane is Lost during the Development.
  • The egg membrane may have been lost during birth or is retained in the uterus of the adult worm.
A

Unsheathed Microfilariae Worms

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31
Q

Microfilaria

Periodicity: most abundant

A

Night (10pm to 2/4am)

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32
Q

Microfilaria

Periodicity: release microfilaria during the day as well as night

A

Diurnal

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33
Q

Filarial worms

Infective stage

A

L3 larva

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34
Q

Filarial worms

Feeding time

A

crawl to the puncture site of the mosquito

35
Q

Filarial worms

living in tissues, lymph vessels, or body cavities, lay microfilariae that enter the blood or lymphatic vessels.

A

Adult females

36
Q

Filarial worms

Feeding time:

A

The larva will crawl to the puncture site of the mosquito.

37
Q

Filarial worms

sucked by the insect vector, pass through the gut’s wall and into the hemocele of the insect.

A

microfilariae

38
Q

Filarial worms

It is a substance coming from the mosquito, which protects the larva.

39
Q

Filarial worms

L2 develops into the 3rd stage filiform larva (L3), which goes into some parts of the?

A

vector’s mouth or salivary glands

40
Q

Filarial worms

MOT to man

A

3rd stage larva is injected into the skin of the vertebrate host (man) when the insect takes a blood meal

41
Q

Enumerate sheathed filaria worms

A
  • Wuchereria bancrofti
  • Brugia malayi
  • Loa loa
42
Q
  • Causative agent of Bancroftian’s filariasis.
  • Affects the Lower Limb (Sometimes Scrotum).
A

Wuchereria bancrofti

43
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

vectors/transmitters

A

Aedes
Anopheles
Culex
Mansonia

44
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

Present in what countries?

A

Turkey
Shandong-China
South and North Japan,
Philippines (mainly Bicol region),
Celebes
Other SE Asian Countries (Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Vietnam, New Guinea, Sumatra, and Indonesia.)
India
Africa

bat di nalang sinabi world wide

45
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

Periodicity?

A

Nocturnal (10pm-2am)

46
Q

Malayan Filariasis
* Secondary Kink, Upper Limb.

A

Brugia malayi

47
Q

Brugia malayi

Periodicity

48
Q

Brugia malayi

Vectors/Transmitters are species of.

A

Aedes
Culex
Mansonia
Anopheles

49
Q

Brugia malayi

Endemic in

A

India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, North Vietnam, China, South Korea, Japan

50
Q

Brugia malayi

Adult worms in Lymphatic Vessels and Glands are similar to?

A

W. brancrofti

Threadlike, smooth, and tapered on both ends but bluntly rounded at the terminal part.

51
Q

Endemic in
* West & Central Africa
* Nigeria
* Cameroon
* Zaire

52
Q

Adult worms inhabiting Subcutaneous Tissues have a:
Pair of Lateral Papillae
* Two Pairs of Sub-Median Papillae
* All of which Are Sessile and are Small

53
Q

Causes calabar or fugitive swelling

54
Q

Loa loa AKA?

55
Q

Loa loa

periodicity

56
Q

Loa loa

Vectors/Transmitters

A
  • Tabanid flies of Genus Chrysops
  • Deer Fly
  • Horsefly
  • Mango Fly
  • Mangrove Fly
57
Q

Unsheathed Filarial Worms

A
  • Onchocerca volvulus
  • Mansonella ozzardi
  • Mansonella perstans
58
Q

Onchocerca volvulus is AKA

A

Convoluted filaria

59
Q

Convoluted filaria produces?

A

Onchocerciasis or River blindness

60
Q

This is present in Senegal, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Uganda, Mexico

A

O. volvulus

61
Q

O. volvulus

Transmitters

A

Blackflies of Genus Simulium

62
Q

They may be found in the blood, urine, and sputum

A

O. volvulus

63
Q

O. volvulus

Commonly resides

A

in the lymphatic system of the connective tissues

64
Q

Cutaneous layers in an Area around the Adult
Worms in the Corneal Conjunctivae.

pa-identify nalang anu parasite

A

O. volvulus

65
Q

They can be found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Trinidad, Colombia, and Panama.

A

Mansonella ozzardi

66
Q

M. ozzardi AKA?

A

Ozzard’s filaria

67
Q

Ozzard’s filaria produces

A

Mansonelliasis ozzardi

68
Q

Ozzard’s filaria

Vectors/Transmitters

A

Midges or Genus culicoides

69
Q

Native in South America & Africa

A

Mansonella perstans

70
Q

M. perstans AKA

A

Dipetalonema perstans

71
Q

M. perstans

vectors/transmitters

A

Midges of Genus Cullicoides

72
Q

M. perstans

Periodicity

A

Non-periodic

73
Q

M. perstans

Adult worms inhabit the?

A

body cavities

74
Q

Available lab diagnosis for Filarial worms

A
  • Knott’s concentration technique
  • Biopsy (haematoxylin-Eosin method)
  • Recovery of Microfilariae in Blood Films or Lymphatic
    Fluids (Giemsa or Wright’s)
  • Serological test
75
Q

TOF. When most of the clinical signs/symptoms are prominent, it is the time when the microfilariae tend to be very few in the blood.

76
Q

TOF. During the sub-clinical period, the blood is full of organisms.

A

F (oftentimes free; walang organism)

77
Q

Available treatments

A
  • Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC)
  • Ivermectin
79
Q

Which both kill the microfilariae and adult worms is the drug of choice for lymphatic filariasis.

A

Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC)

80
Q

TOF. The main goal is to kill the microfilariae since they are the ones causing the pathology.

A

F (adult worm)

81
Q

TOF. During the early phases of chronic disease is not affected by any medications.

A

F (late phases)

82
Q

is effective against the microfilariae of
W. bancrofti only, not the adult worm.

A

Ivermectin

83
Q

Sheathed/Unsheated worms

control and prevention

FAMILIARIZE

A
  • Public education, especially those at risk of the infection.
  • Early Diagnosis and Immediate Treatment.
  • Which in turn control transmission to vectors will markedly reduce incidence of the infection.
    • Use of insect repellants, mosquito nets, changing the nature of the mosquitoes’ breeding places will greatly lower the incidence of infection.

Diagnostic Parasitology (36 decks)

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