(M) Nematoda: Secernentea: Spirurida (lecture-based) Flashcards
G. spinigerum, W. bancrofti, B. malayi, Loa loa, O. volvulus, M. ozzardi and persians
Superfamily of Spirurida
Superfamily: Gnathostomatoidea
* Gnathostoma spinigerum
Superfamily: Filarioidea
* Wuchereria bancrofti
* Brugia malayi
* Lod loa
* Onchocerca volvulus
* Mansonella ozzardi
* Mansonella persians
- first discovered in the Stomach Wall of a Tiger that died at London Zoo in 1836.
- Was first described in Humans in 1899 in Thailand.
- By: C.M.R Levinson
- Endemic in Southeast Asia
- Particularly Thailand and Japan.
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Definite host
Animals (pigs, cats, dogs)
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Paratenic host
Snake & Duck
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Infective stage in first intermediate host
L1 larva
Gnathostoma spinigerum
If ingested by small Crustaceans (water arthropods), it develops later on to a third stage larva (L3). This is the?
First intermediate host
Gnathostoma spinigerum
They deposit the eggs, unembryonated in the body of water, Where it develops into embryonated eggs.
Where later on releases and develop the?
Larva L1
Gnathostoma spinigerum
In the first Intermediate Host, it develops into becoming an?
Context: The small creature, if ingested by a larger sea animal develops into becoming an?
L2 larva
Gnathostoma spinigerum
The small creature, if ingested by larger sea animals. That L1 larva develops already into an?
L2 larva
Gnathostoma spinigerum
the Infective Stage for the Second Intermediate Host
L2 larva
Gnathostoma spinigerum
The L2 Larva becomes the Infective Stage for the Second Intermediate Host, where it develops into
L3
TOF. The L3 larva remains infective but d does not develop futher if ingested by a paratenic host.
T
Gnathostoma spinigerum
When the 2nd Intermediate Host is ingested by the Definitive Host, that’s when the L3 develops into an
Adult worm
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Infective stage
L3 larva
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Accidental host
humans
Gnathostoma spinigerum
MOT
- Eating Undercooked Fish.
- Drinking Water with Copepods.
Gnathostoma spinigerum
For Humans, the infective stage could be? (2)
- The L2 Larva within the lst Intermediate Host (smol crustacean)
- The L3 larva within the 2nd Intermediate Host (bigger sea animal)
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Clinical manifestation
- Gnathostomiasis Interna
- Cutaneous Gnathostomiasis
- Visceral Gnathostomiasis
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Adult Worms are coiled inside the Tumors in the Digestive Tract of the definitive Hosts (Dogs & Cats).
Gnathostomiasis Interna
Gnathostoma spinigerum
- Intermittent Migratory Swellings (nodular migratory panniculitis, usually affecting the trunk of upper limbs.
- Non-pitting edematous swellings vary in size and may be pruritic, painful, or erythematous
Cutaneous gnathostomiasis
Gnathostoma spinigerum
- Pulmonary
- Gastrointestinal
- Genitourinary
- Ocular
- Auricular
- CNS
Visceral Gnathostomiasis
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Laboratory diagnosis
- Demonstration & Identification of the Worm from the Lesion.
- Skin Test using Specific Antigen.
- Precipitin Test
- ELISA
- Immunoblot to detect the Specific 24-kDa Band.
- MRI for Migratory Lesions
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Treatment
Surgical Removal
Albendazole
Mebendazole
Ivermectin
Gnathostoma spinigerum
Prevention
- Proper and Adequate Cooking of Fishes, Chicken, Ducks, or Frog.
- Drinking only Clean and Safe Water.
- Blood and Tissue Nematodes.
- Vector-borne Nematodes.
filarial worms
- Lives in the Tissues and/or Body Cavities of Vertebrates.
- Larviparous or Viviparous.
- Female worms are larviparous and insect vectors are needed for transmission of the infection.
Filiarial worms
Filiarial worms
Definitive hosts
Veterbrates
Laid Larvae are called
microfilaria
Egg Membranes are still Intact when Laid.
Sheathed Microfilaria Worms
- Egg Membrane is Lost during the Development.
- The egg membrane may have been lost during birth or is retained in the uterus of the adult worm.
Unsheathed Microfilariae Worms
Microfilaria
Periodicity: most abundant
Night (10pm to 2/4am)
Microfilaria
Periodicity: release microfilaria during the day as well as night
Diurnal
Filarial worms
Infective stage
L3 larva
Filarial worms
Feeding time
crawl to the puncture site of the mosquito
Filarial worms
living in tissues, lymph vessels, or body cavities, lay microfilariae that enter the blood or lymphatic vessels.
Adult females
Filarial worms
Feeding time:
The larva will crawl to the puncture site of the mosquito.
Filarial worms
sucked by the insect vector, pass through the gut’s wall and into the hemocele of the insect.
microfilariae
Filarial worms
It is a substance coming from the mosquito, which protects the larva.
Hemolymph
Filarial worms
L2 develops into the 3rd stage filiform larva (L3), which goes into some parts of the?
vector’s mouth or salivary glands
Filarial worms
MOT to man
3rd stage larva is injected into the skin of the vertebrate host (man) when the insect takes a blood meal
Enumerate sheathed filaria worms
- Wuchereria bancrofti
- Brugia malayi
- Loa loa
- Causative agent of Bancroftian’s filariasis.
- Affects the Lower Limb (Sometimes Scrotum).
Wuchereria bancrofti
Wuchereria bancrofti
vectors/transmitters
Aedes
Anopheles
Culex
Mansonia
Wuchereria bancrofti
Present in what countries?
Turkey
Shandong-China
South and North Japan,
Philippines (mainly Bicol region),
Celebes
Other SE Asian Countries (Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Vietnam, New Guinea, Sumatra, and Indonesia.)
India
Africa
bat di nalang sinabi world wide
Wuchereria bancrofti
Periodicity?
Nocturnal (10pm-2am)
Malayan Filariasis
* Secondary Kink, Upper Limb.
Brugia malayi
Brugia malayi
Periodicity
nocturnal
Brugia malayi
Vectors/Transmitters are species of.
Aedes
Culex
Mansonia
Anopheles
Brugia malayi
Endemic in
India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, North Vietnam, China, South Korea, Japan
Brugia malayi
Adult worms in Lymphatic Vessels and Glands are similar to?
W. brancrofti
Threadlike, smooth, and tapered on both ends but bluntly rounded at the terminal part.
Endemic in
* West & Central Africa
* Nigeria
* Cameroon
* Zaire
Loa loa
Adult worms inhabiting Subcutaneous Tissues have a:
Pair of Lateral Papillae
* Two Pairs of Sub-Median Papillae
* All of which Are Sessile and are Small
Loa loa
Causes calabar or fugitive swelling
Loa loa
Loa loa AKA?
eye worm
Loa loa
periodicity
diurnal
Loa loa
Vectors/Transmitters
- Tabanid flies of Genus Chrysops
- Deer Fly
- Horsefly
- Mango Fly
- Mangrove Fly
Unsheathed Filarial Worms
- Onchocerca volvulus
- Mansonella ozzardi
- Mansonella perstans
Onchocerca volvulus is AKA
Convoluted filaria
Convoluted filaria produces?
Onchocerciasis or River blindness
This is present in Senegal, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Uganda, Mexico
O. volvulus
O. volvulus
Transmitters
Blackflies of Genus Simulium
They may be found in the blood, urine, and sputum
O. volvulus
O. volvulus
Commonly resides
in the lymphatic system of the connective tissues
Cutaneous layers in an Area around the Adult
Worms in the Corneal Conjunctivae.
pa-identify nalang anu parasite
O. volvulus
They can be found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Trinidad, Colombia, and Panama.
Mansonella ozzardi
M. ozzardi AKA?
Ozzard’s filaria
Ozzard’s filaria produces
Mansonelliasis ozzardi
Ozzard’s filaria
Vectors/Transmitters
Midges or Genus culicoides
Native in South America & Africa
Mansonella perstans
M. perstans AKA
Dipetalonema perstans
M. perstans
vectors/transmitters
Midges of Genus Cullicoides
M. perstans
Periodicity
Non-periodic
M. perstans
Adult worms inhabit the?
body cavities
Available lab diagnosis for Filarial worms
- Knott’s concentration technique
- Biopsy (haematoxylin-Eosin method)
- Recovery of Microfilariae in Blood Films or Lymphatic
Fluids (Giemsa or Wright’s) - Serological test
TOF. When most of the clinical signs/symptoms are prominent, it is the time when the microfilariae tend to be very few in the blood.
T
TOF. During the sub-clinical period, the blood is full of organisms.
F (oftentimes free; walang organism)
Available treatments
- Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC)
- Ivermectin
Which both kill the microfilariae and adult worms is the drug of choice for lymphatic filariasis.
Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC)
TOF. The main goal is to kill the microfilariae since they are the ones causing the pathology.
F (adult worm)
TOF. During the early phases of chronic disease is not affected by any medications.
F (late phases)
is effective against the microfilariae of
W. bancrofti only, not the adult worm.
Ivermectin
Sheathed/Unsheated worms
control and prevention
FAMILIARIZE
- Public education, especially those at risk of the infection.
- Early Diagnosis and Immediate Treatment.
- Which in turn control transmission to vectors will markedly reduce incidence of the infection.
- Use of insect repellants, mosquito nets, changing the nature of the mosquitoes’ breeding places will greatly lower the incidence of infection.
