(M) Coccidia (lecture-based) part 2

Question 1

First reported in 1843 by Miescher as white threadlike cysts (Miescher’s tubules) in striated muscles of a house mouse

Answer 1

Sarcocystis

Question 2

• While a majority infect mammals, about a dozen infect snakes
• This species was debated whether it is a protozoa or fungus. The debate was resolved in 1967 when bradyzoites in the sarcocysts were studied under the electron microscope and were seen to possess organelles found in other apicomplexan parasites such as Toxoplasma and Eimeria
• There are 130 recognized species under this

Answer 2

Sarcocystis spp.

Question 3

Sarcocystis spp.

Who was the first to report this?

Answer 3

Meischer (1843)

Question 4

Sarcocystis spp.

Was renamed in 1899 to?

Answer 4

Sarcocystis meischeriana

Question 5

Sarcocystis spp.

How many species were recognized under this

Answer 5

130

Question 6

Sarcocystis spp.

Humans serve as definitive hosts for the first 2 species (hominis and suihominis) but can occasionally act also as intermediate hosts for the 3 species (+ lindemanni)

TOF

Answer 6

T

Question 7

Sarcocystis spp.

This stage shows a banana shaped; the anterior end is rounded

Answer 7

Mature trophozoites

Question 7

Sarcocystis spp.

• 15-19 um by 8-10 um
• Contain 4 sporozoites and a discrete refractile residual body

Answer 7

Sporocyst

Question 8

Sarcocystis spp.

Mode of Transmission for S. hominis

Answer 8

ingestion of raw beef

Question 9

Sarcocystis spp.

MOT of suihominis

Answer 9

Ingestion of raw pork

Question 10

Sarcocystis spp.

How many days does it take for sporocysts of S. hominis to be excreted after ingestion?

Answer 10

14-18 days

Question 11

Sarcocystis spp.

How many days does it take for sporocysts of S. suihominis to be excreted after ingestion?

Answer 11

11-13 days

Question 12

Sarcocystis spp.

pls read thru the life cycle nalang thx mwah

Answer 12

mwahmwah

Question 13

Sarcocystis spp.

Infective and diagnostic stage (2)

Answer 13

• Sporocyst and thin-walled oocyst passed in the feces
• Cysts w/ bradyzoites ingested in undercooked meat

nasa picture

Question 14

Sarcocystis spp.

Mono/heteroxenous

Answer 14

hetero

Question 15

Sarcocystis spp.

Definitive host

Answer 15

dog or human

Question 16

Sarcocystis spp.

susceptible intermediate host

Answer 16

cow or pig

Question 17

Sarcocystis spp.

infective stages (3)

Answer 17

trophozoites, cysts, and sporulated oocysts

Question 18

Sarcocystis spp.

Stage: As the infective stages travel down the small intestines, plates forming the sporocyst wall separate and releases 4 sporozoites that migrate through the gut epithelium to the endothelial cells in small arteries

Answer 18

schizogony or merogony process or ASEXUAL reproduction (ACUTE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE)

Question 19

Sarcocystis spp.

How long does the acute proliferative phase lasts?

Answer 19

15-16 days after ingestion of sporocysts.

Question 20

Sarcocystis spp.

Merozoites at this stage form metrocytes and encyst in the muscles forming?

Answer 20

sarcocysts or Miescher’s tubes

Question 21

Sarcocystis spp.

Identify stage: Merozoites at this stage form metrocytes and encyst in the muscles forming sarcocysts or Miescher’s tubes

Answer 21

CHRONIC CYSTIC PHASE

Question 22

Sarcocystis spp.

give rise to infectious, crescent-shaped bradyzoites.

Answer 22

metrocytes

Question 23

Sarcocystis spp.

How long does it tahe for the sarcocyst to mature?

Answer 23

2 1/2 months

Question 24

# Sarcocystis spp. What enters intestinal cells and change into the male (microgamonts) and female (macrogamonts)forms.

Answer 24

Active bradyzoites

Question 25

# Sarcocystis spp. Active bradyzoites enter intestinal cells and change into the male (microgamonts) and female (macrogamonts) forms. Fusion results into an?

Answer 25

oocyst

Question 26

# Sarcocystis spp. TOF. Human infection is considered prevalent with more than 100 published cases of invasive disease (approx. 46 cases reported by 1990).

Answer 26

F (rare with less than 100)

Question 27

# Sarcocystis spp. What country had the highest report of beef specimens?

Answer 27

42.9% | TIBET

Question 28

# Sarcocystis spp. Philippines: muscles of water buffaloes, cattle, pigs, goats revealed?

Answer 28

S. cruzi

Question 29

# Sarcocystis spp. How many human tongues were obtained post mortem in Malaysia?

Answer 29

100 (revealed 21%)

Question 30

# Sarcocystis spp. INCUBATION PERIOD

Answer 30

9-39 days

Question 31

# Sarcocystis spp. 2 Types of Pathology

Answer 31

* Invasive form (lindemanni) * Intestinal form (more common; suihominis/hominis)

Question 32

# Sarcocystis spp. Presents with vasculitis and myositis

Answer 32

Invasive form (lindemanni)

Question 33

# Sarcocystis spp. 1. presents with nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal distention, vomiting, dyspnea, tachycardia 2. While normally mild and lasting under 48 hrs, the intestinal form may occasionally be severe or life -threatening

Answer 33

Intestinal form (more common; suihominis/hominis)

Question 34

# Sarcocystis spp. TOF. All symptoms were transient and lasted about 36 hrs; some reports may last for as long as 5 years.

Answer 34

T

Question 35

# Sarcocystis spp. Diagnosis available

Answer 35

Stool Examination, biopsy of an infected muscle using PAS, PCR targeting

Question 36

# Sarcocystis spp. What is identified in feces that may require several stool exams done on separate days during infection

Answer 36

Sporocysts

Question 37

# Sarcocystis spp. done to visualize sporocysts using bright-field microscopy

Answer 37

Fecal flotation wet mount

Question 38

# Sarcocystis spp. preferred methods over formalin ether/ethyl acetate and other sedimentation methods

Answer 38

High-density flotation methods using NaCI, CeCI, ZnSO4, sucrose, Percoll, Ficoll-Hypaque a

Question 39

# Sarcocystis spp. microscopic in cattle muscle; the wall is up to 6 um thick, appears radially striated from villar protrusions that are up to 7 um long

Answer 39

S. hominis sarcocysts

Question 40

# Sarcocystis spp. macroscopic in pig muscle; the wall 4-9 um thick, with villar protrusions up to 13 um long

Answer 40

S. suihominis sarcocysts

Question 41

# Sarcocystis spp. This diagnosis was useful in distinguishing S. hominis from S. fusiformis and S. cruzi sarcocysts and oocysts

Answer 41

PCR targeting 185 rRNA

Question 42

# Sarcocystis spp. Reagent to use in order to store that sample for as long as 6 years

Answer 42

potassium dichromate

Question 43

# Sarcocystis spp. TOF. Because asymptomatic, treatment is rarely required

Answer 43

T

Question 44

# Sarcocystis spp. What medication/treatment is have been used in myositis?

Answer 44

Albendazole, metronidazole, co-trimoxazole

Question 45

# Sarcocystis spp. prevention

Answer 45

- Avoid eating raw or undercooked beef or pork - Avoid eating or drinking contaminated food with feces of cat, dog, or other carnivorous animals

Question 46

- This organism was thought to be a member of cyanobacteria because it showed photosynthetic organelles and autofluorescing particle characterized by blue-green algae - It was originally called cyanobacterium-like body (CLB)

Answer 46

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Question 47

* same as Cystoisospora belli * mainly a human disease; no animal reservoir have been found * Reported in Nepal, Peru, Haiti and the US

Answer 47

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Question 48

# Cyclospora cayetanensis Diagnostic stage

Answer 48

excretion of unsporulated oocysts in the stool

Question 49

# Cyclospora cayetanensis Infective stage

Answer 49

sporulated oocysts enter the food chain

Question 50

# Cyclospora cayetanensis The released sporozoites invade the epithelial cells of the small intestines although the site of predilection was the

Answer 50

jejunum

Question 51

# Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts undergo complete sporulation within how many days in a warm environment

Answer 51

7-12

Question 52

# Cyclospora cayetanensis Definitive

Answer 52

man

Question 53

# Cyclospora cayetanensis MOT

Answer 53

Ingestion of contaminated (with oocyst) water and food

Question 54

# Cyclospora cayetanensis paaral ng clinical manifestation

Answer 54

thx

Question 55

# Cyclospora cayetanensis Diagnosis:

Answer 55

- Direct microscopic examination (wet mount) of fecal - Various concentration techniques and acid-fast staining (Kinyoun's stain) are also helpful - ZN staining: oocysts are acid-fast and stain red - Oocysts are autofluorescent and under fluorescent microscopy appear as blue or green circles depending on the filter (365 - 450 DM) - PCR to differentiate Cyclospora from closely related Eimeria

Question 56

# Cyclospora cayetanensis The only effective drug

Answer 56

TMP/SMX 160/800 mg BID x 7 d

Question 57

- Previously considered a yeast; recently reclassified as a protozoan - Strict, anaerobic, colonic protozoan in humans

Answer 57

Blastocytis hominis

Question 58

# Blastocytis hominis Seen in stool, 8 um in diameter, with a large central vacuole which pushes the cytoplasm and the nucleus to the periphery; multiplies by binary fission

Answer 58

Vacoulated

Question 59

# Blastocytis hominis - Polymorphous cell slightly - larger than the vacuolated form; multiplies by sporulation

Answer 59

Amoeboid

Question 60

# Blastocytis hominis 10-60 um in diameter and seen in old cultures

Answer 60

Granular

Question 61

# Blastocytis hominis pls read life cycle

Answer 61

ok

Question 62

- Found worldwide - Prevalence as high as 58% (15% of stool specimens in the USA are +) - Oral-fecal route is postulated - Studies suggest possible zoonotic isolates with frequent animal-to-human and human-to-animal

Answer 62

Blastocytis hominis

Question 63

Causes traveler's diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 63

Blastocytis hominis

Question 64

- Displays extreme genetic diversity which is indicative of the pathogenicity of the organism - At least 7 zoonotic subtypes - Cyst survive in water for 19 days at normal temperatures

Answer 64

Blastocytis hominis

Question 65

Available treatment

Answer 65

metronidazole 750 mg/tab 1 tab TID x 10 days or iodoquinol 650 mg/tab 1 tab TID x 20 days

Question 66

# Blastocytis hominis Prevention

Answer 66

- Wash fruits and vegetables using a mild detergent before eating - Keep cooking surfaces clean - Strict handwashing - Avoid eating foods that could not be cooked with heat - Avoid drinking or using tap water for personal activities. Use boiled, purified and bottled water for brushing teeth, drinking etc.