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Diagnostic Parasitology > (M) Coccidia (lecture-based) part 2 > Flashcards

(M) Coccidia (lecture-based) part 2 Flashcards

Sarcocystis spp., C. cayetanensis, B. hominis

1
Q

First reported in 1843 by Miescher as white threadlike cysts (Miescher’s tubules) in striated muscles of a house mouse

A

Sarcocystis

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2
Q
  • While a majority infect mammals, about a dozen infect snakes
  • This species was debated whether it is a protozoa or fungus. The debate was resolved in 1967 when bradyzoites in the sarcocysts were studied under the electron microscope and were seen to possess organelles found in other apicomplexan parasites such as Toxoplasma and Eimeria
  • There are 130 recognized species under this
A

Sarcocystis spp.

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3
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Who was the first to report this?

A

Meischer (1843)

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4
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Was renamed in 1899 to?

A

Sarcocystis meischeriana

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5
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

How many species were recognized under this

A

130

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6
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Humans serve as definitive hosts for the first 2 species (hominis and suihominis) but can occasionally act also as intermediate hosts for the 3 species (+ lindemanni)

TOF

A

T

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7
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

This stage shows a banana shaped; the anterior end is rounded

A

Mature trophozoites

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7
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

  • 15-19 um by 8-10 um
  • Contain 4 sporozoites and a discrete refractile residual body
A

Sporocyst

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8
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Mode of Transmission for S. hominis

A

ingestion of raw beef

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9
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

MOT of suihominis

A

Ingestion of raw pork

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10
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

How many days does it take for sporocysts of S. hominis to be excreted after ingestion?

A

14-18 days

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11
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

How many days does it take for sporocysts of S. suihominis to be excreted after ingestion?

A

11-13 days

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12
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

pls read thru the life cycle nalang thx mwah

A

mwahmwah

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13
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Infective and diagnostic stage (2)

A
  • Sporocyst and thin-walled oocyst passed in the feces
  • Cysts w/ bradyzoites ingested in undercooked meat

nasa picture

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14
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Mono/heteroxenous

A

hetero

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15
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Definitive host

A

dog or human

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16
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

susceptible intermediate host

A

cow or pig

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17
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

infective stages (3)

A

trophozoites, cysts, and sporulated oocysts

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18
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Stage: As the infective stages travel down the small intestines, plates forming the sporocyst wall separate and releases 4 sporozoites that migrate through the gut epithelium to the endothelial cells in small arteries

A

schizogony or merogony process or ASEXUAL reproduction (ACUTE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE)

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19
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

How long does the acute proliferative phase lasts?

A

15-16 days after ingestion of sporocysts.

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20
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Merozoites at this stage form metrocytes and encyst in the muscles forming?

A

sarcocysts or Miescher’s tubes

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21
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Identify stage: Merozoites at this stage form metrocytes and encyst in the muscles forming sarcocysts or Miescher’s tubes

A

CHRONIC CYSTIC PHASE

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22
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

give rise to infectious, crescent-shaped bradyzoites.

A

metrocytes

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23
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

How long does it tahe for the sarcocyst to mature?

A

2 1/2 months

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24
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

What enters intestinal cells and change into the male (microgamonts) and female (macrogamonts)forms.

A

Active bradyzoites

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25
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Active bradyzoites enter intestinal cells and change into the male (microgamonts) and female (macrogamonts) forms. Fusion results into an?

A

oocyst

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26
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

TOF. Human infection is considered prevalent with more than 100 published cases of invasive disease (approx. 46 cases reported by 1990).

A

F (rare with less than 100)

27
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

What country had the highest report of beef specimens?

A

42.9%

TIBET

28
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Philippines: muscles of water buffaloes, cattle, pigs, goats revealed?

A

S. cruzi

29
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

How many human tongues were obtained post mortem in Malaysia?

A

100 (revealed 21%)

30
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

INCUBATION PERIOD

A

9-39 days

31
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

2 Types of Pathology

A
  • Invasive form (lindemanni)
  • Intestinal form (more common; suihominis/hominis)
32
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Presents with vasculitis and myositis

A

Invasive form (lindemanni)

33
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

  1. presents with nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal distention, vomiting, dyspnea, tachycardia
  2. While normally mild and lasting under 48 hrs, the intestinal form may occasionally be severe or life -threatening
A

Intestinal form (more common; suihominis/hominis)

34
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

TOF. All symptoms were transient and lasted about 36 hrs; some reports may last for as long as 5 years.

A

T

35
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Diagnosis available

A

Stool Examination, biopsy of an infected muscle using PAS, PCR targeting

36
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

What is identified in feces that may require several stool exams done on separate days during infection

A

Sporocysts

37
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

done to visualize sporocysts using bright-field microscopy

A

Fecal flotation wet mount

38
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

preferred methods over formalin ether/ethyl acetate and other sedimentation methods

A

High-density flotation methods using NaCI, CeCI, ZnSO4, sucrose, Percoll, Ficoll-Hypaque a

39
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

microscopic in cattle muscle; the wall is up to 6 um thick, appears radially striated from villar protrusions that are up to 7 um long

A

S. hominis sarcocysts

40
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

macroscopic in pig muscle; the wall 4-9 um thick, with villar protrusions up to 13 um long

A

S. suihominis sarcocysts

41
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

This diagnosis was useful in distinguishing S. hominis from S. fusiformis and S. cruzi sarcocysts and oocysts

A

PCR targeting 185 rRNA

42
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

Reagent to use in order to store that sample for as long as 6 years

A

potassium dichromate

43
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

TOF. Because asymptomatic, treatment is rarely required

A

T

44
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

What medication/treatment is have been used in myositis?

A

Albendazole, metronidazole, co-trimoxazole

45
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

prevention

A
  • Avoid eating raw or undercooked beef or pork
  • Avoid eating or drinking contaminated food with feces of cat, dog, or other carnivorous animals
46
Q
  • This organism was thought to be a member of cyanobacteria because it showed photosynthetic organelles and autofluorescing particle characterized by blue-green algae
  • It was originally called cyanobacterium-like body (CLB)
A

Cyclospora cayetanensis

47
Q
  • same as Cystoisospora belli
  • mainly a human disease; no animal reservoir have been found
  • Reported in Nepal, Peru, Haiti and the US
A

Cyclospora cayetanensis

48
Q

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Diagnostic stage

A

excretion of unsporulated oocysts in the stool

49
Q

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Infective stage

A

sporulated oocysts enter the food chain

50
Q

Cyclospora cayetanensis

The released sporozoites invade the epithelial cells of the small intestines although the site of predilection was the

A

jejunum

51
Q

Cyclospora cayetanensis

oocysts undergo complete sporulation within how many days in a warm environment

A

7-12

52
Q

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Definitive

A

man

53
Q

Cyclospora cayetanensis

MOT

A

Ingestion of contaminated (with oocyst) water and food

54
Q

Cyclospora cayetanensis

paaral ng clinical manifestation

A

thx

55
Q

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Diagnosis:

A
  • Direct microscopic examination (wet mount) of fecal
  • Various concentration techniques and acid-fast staining (Kinyoun’s stain) are also helpful
  • ZN staining: oocysts are acid-fast and stain red
  • Oocysts are autofluorescent and under fluorescent microscopy appear as blue or green circles depending on the filter (365 - 450 DM)
  • PCR to differentiate Cyclospora from closely related Eimeria
56
Q

Cyclospora cayetanensis

The only effective drug

A

TMP/SMX 160/800 mg BID x 7 d

57
Q
  • Previously considered a yeast; recently reclassified as a protozoan
  • Strict, anaerobic, colonic protozoan in humans
A

Blastocytis hominis

58
Q

Blastocytis hominis

Seen in stool, 8 um in diameter, with a large central vacuole which pushes the cytoplasm and the nucleus to the periphery; multiplies by binary fission

A

Vacoulated

59
Q

Blastocytis hominis

  • Polymorphous cell slightly
  • larger than the vacuolated form; multiplies by sporulation
A

Amoeboid

60
Q

Blastocytis hominis

10-60 um in diameter and seen in old cultures

A

Granular

61
Q

Blastocytis hominis

pls read life cycle

A

ok

62
Q
  • Found worldwide
  • Prevalence as high as 58% (15% of stool specimens in the USA are +)
  • Oral-fecal route is postulated
  • Studies suggest possible zoonotic isolates with frequent animal-to-human and human-to-animal
A

Blastocytis hominis

63
Q

Causes traveler’s diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and irritable bowel syndrome

A

Blastocytis hominis

64
Q
  • Displays extreme genetic diversity which is indicative of the pathogenicity of the organism
  • At least 7 zoonotic subtypes
  • Cyst survive in water for 19 days at normal temperatures
A

Blastocytis hominis

65
Q

Available treatment

A

metronidazole 750 mg/tab 1 tab TID x 10 days or iodoquinol 650 mg/tab 1 tab TID x 20 days

66
Q

Blastocytis hominis

Prevention

A
  • Wash fruits and vegetables using a mild detergent before eating
  • Keep cooking surfaces clean
  • Strict handwashing
  • Avoid eating foods that could not be cooked with heat
  • Avoid drinking or using tap water for personal activities. Use boiled, purified and bottled water for brushing teeth, drinking etc.

Diagnostic Parasitology (36 decks)

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