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Diagnostic Parasitology > (M) Nematoda: Secernentea: Strongylida (lecture-based) > Flashcards

(M) Nematoda: Secernentea: Strongylida (lecture-based) Flashcards

Necator americanus, A. duodenale, A. caninum, A. braziliense, A. cantonensis

1
Q

Phylum

A

nemathelminths (round worms)

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2
Q

Class

A

Nematoda

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3
Q

Subclass

A

Secernentea

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4
Q

Order

A

Strongylida

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5
Q

Superfamily

A

Superfamily: Ancylostomatoidea
Superfamily: Metastrongyloidea

Superfamily: Ancylostomatoidea
Necator americanus
Ancylostoma duodenale
Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma braziliense

Superfamily: Metastrongyloidea
Angiostrongylus cantonensis

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6
Q

Human hookworms

A
  • Necator americanus
  • Ancylostoma duodenale
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7
Q

Non-human hookworms

A
  • A. caninum
  • A. braziliense
  • A. ceylanicum
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8
Q

Intestinal hookworm

Diganostic

A

Eggs in feces

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9
Q

Intestinal hookworm

Common pattern of development

A
  1. Eggs in feces
  2. Rhabditiform larva hatches
  3. Filariform larva in environment
  4. Filariform larva penetrates skin
  5. Adults in small intestine
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10
Q

Intestinal hookworm

Infective stage

A

Filariform larva

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11
Q

Intestinal hookworm

The Eggs are passed in the stool, they will hatch in how many days?

A

1-2 days

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12
Q

Intestinal hookworm

The Eggs are passed in the stool, they will hatch in 1 to 2 days to become the

A

rhabditiform larva

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13
Q

Intestinal hookworm

After 5-10 days, it will develop into

A

Filariform larva

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14
Q

Intestinal hookworm

Filariform Larva can survive for how many weeks?

A

3-4 weeks

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15
Q

Intestinal hookworm

What stage penetrates the skin?

A

Filariform larva

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16
Q

Intestinal hookworm

Reside there and mature into an adult

A

Small intestine

but before that, it went blood-lung phase

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17
Q

Intestinal hookworm

Some of this larva can become dormant in the intestine or the muscle.

A

A. duodenale

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18
Q

MOT

A

Manner of Transmission
* Penetration of Skin or Mucosa by the Filariform Larva.
* Ingestion of the filariform larvae in Water, Soil-contaminated Foods, or from the Fingers contaminated with Soil that contains the Filariform Larvae.
* Autoinfection is possible since the Egg may hatch inside the Intestine and thereby develop into Filariform Larval Stage.
* Through the Mammary Glands via the Milk.

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19
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Common name

A

New world hookworm (N. americanus)
Old world hookworm (A. duodenale)

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20
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Uncinariasis

A

N. americanus

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21
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Worldwide

A

both

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22
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Predominant in tropical countries

A

N. americanus

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23
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Predominant in temperate regions

A

A. duodenale

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24
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Jejunum

A

Both

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25
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Duodenum

A

N. americanus

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26
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Proximal Ileum

A

A. duodenale

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27
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Lifespan 15 years

A

N. americanus

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28
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Usually 3-5 years

A

N. americanus

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29
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

1-6 years

A

A. duodenale

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30
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Route of infection: percutaneous and oral

A

both

31
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Egg produced: 6k to 10k

A

N. americanus

32
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Egg produced: 25k to 30k

A

A. duodenale

33
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Bloodloss .03mL/day

A

N. americanus

34
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Bloodloss .15mL/day

A

A. duodenale

35
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Cephalic part bent ventrally assuming a
C-shape

A

A. duodenale

36
Q

Differentiation of human hookworms

Cephalic part bent dorsally assuming an
S-shape

A

N. americanus

37
Q

Clinical Manifestations

  • “Ground-itch Lesion”
  • Pain and itching at the site of Larval entry.
  • The larvae that enter the skin cause dermatitis, which is often referred as the ground-itch lesion.
  • There is pain and itching of the skin
  • The usual site of entry is between its toe webs or the its feet and lower legs.
  • Skin lesions are transient, which may not be noticed at all, but may have secondary bacterial
A

Cutaneous phase

38
Q

Clinical Manifestations

  • Leaving Ulcers that ooze out Blood and some Proteins.
    Causes:
  • Hyperperistalsis
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Bloody-mucoid Stool
  • Anemia
A

Intestinal phase

39
Q

Clinical Manifestations

create temporary leukocytosis, particularly eosinophils, and may result in pneumonitis.
Symptoms of Pneumonitis
* Fever
* Cough
* Dyspnea
* Chest Pain

A

Lung phase

40
Q

Larva

Laboratory Diagnosis

A
  • Stool exam
  • Sputum
  • Harada mori
41
Q

Larva

Treatment

A
  • Anthelmintic drugs such as albendazole and mebendazole, are the drugs of choice.
  • It is usually given for 1-3 days.
42
Q
  • Commonly Infect Cats.
  • Larva migrate from skin to subcutaneous tissue; do not mature but “creep” in subcutaneous tissue.
A

Ancylostoma braziliense

43
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense AKA

A

cat hookworm

44
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense

MOT

A

Skin penetration

45
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense

Treatment

A

Thiabendazole

46
Q

Life cycle: Ancylostoma braziliense

Diagnostic stage

A

Coming from the Animal’s eggs in the feces

47
Q

Life cycle: Ancylostoma braziliense

Infective stage

A

Skin penetration of filariform larva

48
Q

Life cycle: Ancylostoma braziliense

Definitive host

A

Animal

49
Q

Life cycle: Ancylostoma braziliense

The Rhabditiform larva develops into what in the Environment?

A

filariform larva

50
Q
  • Commonly Infects Dogs
  • Wide Buccal Capsule, with 3 Pairs of Large Equal-Sized Teeth.
  • Eosinophilic enteritis (adult worm), itchy rash “cutaneous larva migrans”.
A

Ancylostoma caninum

51
Q

Ancylostoma caninum

AKA

A

dog hookworm

52
Q

Life cycle: Ancylostoma braziliense

MOT

A

Skin Penetration of Filariform Larvae

53
Q

Ancylostoma caninum

Treatment

A

Thiabendazole


















54










Q













    

  • The only Zoonotic Hookworm Species.
    • 

  • Able to produce Symptomatic Infections in humans, with the Majority of Cases being in Southeast Asia.
    • 

  • 2nd most common hookworm species infecting humans.
    • 

  • Comprising between 6% and 23% of Total Patent Hookworm infections based on Recent Molecular based surveys in Asia.
    • 



















A













Ancylostoma ceylanium















55










Q













    

  • A form of Dermatitis characterized by Serpiginous, Intracutaneous Lesions due to Migration of Nematode Larva.
    • 

  • Usually it does not Infect Human.
    • 



















A













Cutaneous larva migrans















56










Q















Cutaneous larva migrans


Clinical manifestation




















A













Papular, Erythematous, Pruritic Rash at entry point.















57










Q















Cutaneous larva migrans


When does this occur? Narrowed Lesions, Linear, Slightly Elevated, Serpingenous with Intracutaneous tunnels.




















A













After 2 - 3 Days















58










Q













Superfamily of Angiostrongylus cantonensis


















A













Metastrongyloidea















59










Q















Angiostrongylus cantonensis


AKA




















A













Rodent lung worm















60










Q













    

  • First described by Chen (1935) in Cantonese Rats.
    • 

  • Identified in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of a patient with Eosinophilic Meningitis. (by Nomura & Lim in Tawain in 1944)
    • 

  • In 1955, Mackerass and Sanders identified the Life Cycle of the Worm.
    • 

  • Found in China, Tahiti, Hawaii, Philippines, Sumatra, Cuba, and India.
    • 



















A













Angiostrongylus cantonensis















61










Q















Angiostrongylos cantonensis


Infective stage




















A













Accidental ingestion of gastropod or larvae















62










Q















Angiostrongylos cantonensis


DF




















A













Larvae migrate to brain















63










Q















Angiostrongylos cantonensis


Where does the adult worm will live?




















A













Pulmonary arteries















64










Q













Intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis


















A













Snail or slug















64










Q















Angiostrongylus cantonensis


The female adult worm (pulmonary arteries) will lay eggs that hatch and yield the?




















A













1st stage larva















65










Q















Angiostrongylus cantonensis


Example of the snail or slug




















A













A. canaliculatus















66










Q















Angiostrongylus cantonensis


the Golden Apple Snail, is an important vector for A. cantonensis in China.




















A













A. canaliculatus,















67










Q















Angiostrongylus cantonensis


Infective stage to humans




















A















L3 larva


taken from the snail

















68










Q















Angiostrongylus cantonensis


Incidental host




















A













Humans















69










Q















Angiostrongylus cantonensis


Clinical Manifestation




















A













Eosinophilic meningitis















70










Q















Angiostrongylus cantonensis


    

  • Patients will just present High Level of Eosinophilia. By history taking, there might be a possible history of ingestions of snails or slugs.
    • 

  • From the brain it can also go to the vitreous cavity in the vitreous canal infecting the eye.
    • 





















A













Eosinophilic meningitis















71










Q















Angiostrongylus cantonensis


Laboratory diagnosis




















A













    

  • Demonstration and identification of the larvae and young adults in the CSF.
    • 

  • Eosinophilia in CSF.
    • 

  • ELISA, CT Scan
    • 
















72










Q















Angiostrongylus cantonensis


Prevention & Control




















A













Proper and Adequate Cooking of Snails. Eradication and Control of Rodents. Public Education.






























Diagnostic Parasitology (33 decks)


























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