(M) Lab 1: Plasmodium (Malaria) Flashcards
1
Q
The vectors of malaria are species of mosquitoes under
genus?
A
Anopheles
2
Q
Mal means
A
Bad
3
Q
In the Philippines, vectors of malaria include:
A
Anopoheles flavirostris, A. minimus, A.
mangyanus, A. balabacensis, and A. dirus.
4
Q
(gender) mosquitos can transmit the disease
A
female
5
Q
TOF. Males feed on animals’ blood, including humans, while the females feed on plant juices.
A
F (reverse)
6
Q
Cases of malaria
definitive/ final host
A
mosquitos
7
Q
cases of malaria
intermediate host
A
Humans
8
Q
The mosquirto carries the infectiva stages to man called?
A
Sporozoites
9
Q
The developmental stages of the malaria found in the blood are as follows:
A
Trophozoite, schizont & gametocyte
10
Q
Youngest and smallest stage of malaria.
A
Young trophozoite
11
Q
The parasite, inside the host RBC, is called?
with a single chromatin dot and small amount or thin bluish ring of cytoplasm thus, also referred as ring form.
A
young trophozoite
12
Q
TOF. Growing trophozoites still has a single chromatin dot, but there is already
increased in the amount of cytoplasm becoming greater than the young trophozoite stage.
A
T
13
Q
The young trophozoite will further develop becoming a?
A
growing trophozoite
14
Q
The cytoplasm of the parasite almost filling up the entire red blood cell with a small vacuole near the single chromatin dot.
A
Mature Trophozoite
15
Q
Schizont came from the word schism means?
A
Splitting & division
16
Q
The single chromatin dot, in mature trophozoite stage, undergoes binary fission to become 2, which is true for all species.
A
Schizont stage: Young
17
Q
Schizont stage:
With more than 2 (usually 3) chromatin dots but, less than that in the next stage of development.
A
Growing schizont
18
Q
Chromatin dots almost filling up the entire red blood cell.
A
Mature schizont
19
Q
Schizont stage:
Each species has its own number of chromatin dots each of which becomes a?
A
merozoite
20
Q
Chromatin dots
Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale:
A
12-24
21
Q
Chromatin dots
Plasmodium malariae
A
6-12
22
Q
Chromatin dots
Plasmodium falciparum
A
18-24
may also reach 32
23
Q
The host’s cell membrane becomes thin, at the mature schizont stage, causing?
A
rupture of RBC
24
Q
The host’s cell membrane becomes thin, at the mature schizont stage, causing rupture of the RBC resulting to release of the?
A
erythrocytic merozoites
25
are considered the pathogenic stages, since they are the ones that cause destruction of red blood cells, continuously
erythrocytic merozoites
26
After few generations or 2 or more ES cycle, for all species, some of the merozoites do not become young trophozoites but instead undergo
gametocytogenesis
## Footnote
formation of sex cells
27
some of the merozoites do not become young trophozoites but instead undergo gametocytogenesis (formation of sex cells) and be differentiated into?
immature sex cells (gametocytes)
28
* Immature female sex cell
* There is the presence of large, compact chromatin dots
located at the periphery.
Macrogametocyte
29
* Immature male sex cell
* There is the presence of scattered chromatin dots at the
center.
Microgametocyte
30
Microgametocyte in mosquitos is called?
microgamete
31
Macrogametocyte in mosquitos is called?
Macrogamete
32
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
* Cytoplasm: Delicate, bluish ring
(ring form)
* Chromatin dot or granule/s: Single,
pinkish/reddish in color
* Size of host cell: No change or
normal in size
PLASMODIUM VIVAX Young Trophozoite
33
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
* Cytoplasm: Increased amount of
bluish cytoplasm or amoeboid
* Chromatin dot or granule/s: Single,
pinkish/reddish in color
* Size of host cell: Infected red blood
cell may be enlarged than non-
infected ones
* Stipplings: Pink or pink - orange Schuffner’s dots on the red
cell membrane.
PLASMODIUM VIVAX
Growing Trophozoite
34
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Cytoplasm: Amoeboid bluish
cytoplasm almost filling up the entire
red blood cell
* Chromatin dot or granule/s: Single,
pinkish/reddish in color
* Size of host cell: Infected red blood
cell may be enlarged than non-
infected ones
P. vivax Mature Trophozoite
35
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Cytoplasm: Increased amount of
amoeboid bluish cytoplasm almost
filling up the entire cytoplasm
* Chromatin dots: 2 dots,
pinkish/reddish in color
* Size of host cell: Infected red blood
cell is enlarged
* Pigments: Plenty of dark-brown fine granules or rods.
* Stipplings: Plenty of Schuffner’s dots on red cell membrane.
vivax young schizont
36
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
* Cytoplasm: Abundant loose or
amoeboid bluish cytoplasm
* Chromatin dots: 3 dots, reddish in
color
* Size of host cell: Infected red blood
cell is enlarged
* Pigments: Plenty of dark-brown fine
granules or rods.
* Stipplings: Plenty of Schuffner’s dots on red cell membrane
Vivax growing schizont
37
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
* Cytoplasm: Loose or amoeboid
bluish cytoplasm almost filling up the
entire red blood cell
* Chromatin dots: 12-24 dots, red or
reddish-violet in color haphazardly
distributed inside the host cell.
* Size of host cell: Infected red blood
cell is markedly enlarged
* Pigments: Abundant dark-brown fine granules or rods.
* Stipplings: Plenty of Schuffner’s dots on red cell membrane.
Vivax mature schizont
38
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
* Cytoplasm: Amoeboid bluish cytoplasm almost filling up the
entire red blood cell
* Chromatin dots: Large, compact or irregularly shaped,
located near the periphery (macrogametocyte) or scattered
at the center (microgametocyte)
* Size of host cell: Infected red blood cell is enlarged
Vivax Gametocyte
39
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
* Cytoplasm: Bluish ring (ring form)
* Chromatin dot or granule/s: Single, pinkish/reddish in color
* Size: No change or normal in size
* Pigments: Coarse brown colored granules.
* Stipplings: Fine Ziemann’s dots begin to appear on the
membrane of the red cell.
* Produces the least degree of parasitemia since it is
difficult to identify
Plasma malariae Young Trophozoite
40
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
* Cytoplasm: Increased amount of
bluish, compact, occupies about ½ of
the red cell. May elongate across the
host RBC, forming a band-form
(diagnostic)
* Chromatin dot: Large, single,
reddish in color
* Size of host cell: No change or normal in size
* Pigments: Coarse brown colored granules.
* Stipplings: Fine Ziemann’s dots begin to appear on the
membrane of the red cell.
Plasma malariae Growing Trophozoite
41
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
* Cytoplasm: Increased amount of bluish cytoplasm
* Chromatin dot: Single, pinkish/reddish in color
* Size of host cell: No change or normal in size
* Pigments: Coarse brown colored granules.
* Stipplings: Fine Ziemann’s dots begin to appear on the
membrane of the red cell.
Malariae Mature trophozoite
42
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
* Cytoplasm: Increased, compact, bluish cytoplasm
* Chromatin dots: 2 dots, reddish in color
* Size of host cell: No change or normal in size
* Pigments: Plenty coarse brown colored granules.
* Stipplings: Fine Ziemman’s dots on membrane of red cell,
more abundant than earlier stages.
Malariae Young Schizont
43
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
* Cytoplasm: Increased, compact, bluish cytoplasm
* Chromatin dot or granule/s: 3 dots, pinkish/reddish in color
* Size of host cell: No change or normal in size
* Pigments: Plenty coarse brown colored granules.
* Stipplings: Fine Ziemman’s dots on membrane of red cell,
more abundant than earlier stages.
Malariae Growing Schizont
44
* Cytoplasm: Compact, deep blue,
divided into each of the chromatin
dots.
* Chromatin dot or granule/s: 6-12
dots, reddish in color, often
arranged in rosette or daisy head
or marguerite pattern (diagnostic).
* Size of host cell: No change or
normal in size Rosette form
* Pigments: coarse brown aggregated
mass of granules often at the center of the merozoites.
* Stipplings: Fine Ziemman’s dots on membrane of red cell,
more abundant than earlier stages
Plasmodium malariae mature schizont
45
Identify form
Rosette form
46
Whose species plasmodia is this diagnostic feature? also state the stage.
P. malariae mature Schizont
47
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
* Cytoplasm: Compact, bluish
cytoplasm
* Chromatin dots: Spherical mass,
but may be irregular, often situated
near the periphery of the cell
(macrogametocyte) or scattered at
the center (microgametocyte)
* Size of host cell: No change or normal in size
* Pigments: Prominent
* Stipplings: Prominent Ziemann’s dots
P. malariae gametocyte
48
Produces the highest degree of parasitemia since it is the easiest to identify
PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
49
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
* Cytoplasm: Bluish color and
makes the parasite to look like a
ring thus, called ring forms.
* Pleomorphic forms:
(diagnostic) may look like a
semi-colon, an exclamation
mark, figure of 8, or like a
sparrow.
* Chromatin dot or granule/s: Single, may be 2, red or violet in color.
* Applique or acole form: chromatin dot and its cytoplasm
are on the periphery of the host cell
* Size of host cell: No change or normal in size
* Multiple infection: a single red cell may contain more than
one parasite (may also be seen in other species but to a
much less degree).
* Produces the highest degree of parasitemia since it is
the easiest to identify
PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM Young Trophozoite
50
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Intermediate stages are not found in peripheral blood, only in the internal organs. If there is presence of these
stages, it is a sign of overwhelming infection
PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM Growing Trophozoite
51
TOF. There is no mature trophozoite, young schizont, growing schizont and mature schizont in Plasmodium malariae.
F (falciparum)
52
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
* Stage that destroys the
infected RBC
* Microgametocyte
o Cytoplasm: pinkish-blue or
deep violet-red in color
o Chromatin dots: diffuse,
reddish granules often at the
center. Organism is kidney,
lima bean, or sausage-shaped with blunt ends but can be slightly pointed occasionally.
o Size of host cell: normal-sized, but only the outline is usually seen.
o Pigments: scattered granules or tiny rods
P. falciparum Gametocyte
53
# SPECIES OF PLASMODIA AND THEIR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
o Cytoplasm: deep blue or bluish lavender in color
o Chromatin dots: reddish and compact mass at the center. Organism is crescent-
shaped, ends may enter be rounded or pointed.
o Size of host cell: normal-sized, although only the outline is seen
o Pigments: large granules
P. malariae Macrogametocyte
