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Diagnostic Parasitology > (P) Lec 3: Free-Living Pathogenic Amoeba > Flashcards

(P) Lec 3: Free-Living Pathogenic Amoeba Flashcards

1
Q

These parasites, classified under free-living amoeba, can cause disease among humans thus, more appropriately called?

A

opportunist

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2
Q

FREE-LIVING PATHOGENIC AMOEBA

TOF. They exist in the environment mainly in dry, fresh water and plants.

A

F

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3
Q

Opportunist amoeba may be classified under 2 genera

A

Naegleria & Acanthaamoeba

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4
Q

This species are classified as ameboflagellate, whereby stages of development consist of flagellate- and amoeboid (non-flagellate) form

A

Naegleria

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5
Q

TOF. Acanthamoeba species do also have flagellate forms.

A

F

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6
Q

In general, Naegleria fowleri causes?

A

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

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7
Q

TOF. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni are also able to produce PAM but to a lesser extent than that of Naegleria.

A

T

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8
Q

Naegleria fowleri

People usually get infected when contaminated water enters the body through the?

A

Nose

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9
Q

Naegleria fowleri also known as the?

A

brain-eating amoeba

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10
Q

Naegleria fowleri

TOF. This cannot cause infections from swallowing water contaminated with Naegleria.

A

T

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11
Q

Naegleria fowleri

two forms of tropho

A

amoeboid and flagellate forms

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12
Q

Naegleria fowleri

non-motile resistant form

A

cysts

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13
Q

Naegleria fowleri

colonizes water and moist soil

A

Tropho

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14
Q

Naegleria fowleri

  • pear shaped
  • move forward rapidly or spin
  • transform into the amoeboid form, at which stage division occurs
A

flagellate form

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15
Q

Naegleria fowleri

  • elongated anterior and distinctly tapered posterior end forming a single clear pseudopod at the forward end
  • uroid process, posterior end
A

Amoeboid

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16
Q

Naegleria Fowleri: Trophozoite

knob- like structure called?

A

uroid process

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17
Q

Naegleria fowleri

amoeboid: size when active

A

7 X 20 μm

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18
Q

Naegleria fowleri

amoeboid: rounded size

A

10-5 μm (diameter)

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19
Q

Naegleria fowleri: Amoeboid

TOF. Each organism has a single nucleus with a small karyosome at the anterior part of the endoplasm

A

F (large)

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20
Q

Naegleria fowleri: Amoeboid

TOF. cytoplasm is filled with granules and one or more contractile vacuoles.

A

T

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21
Q

Naegleria fowleri

  • forms in agar culture media and the one found in nature
  • pherical with a single nucleus, measuring 7-10 μm in diameter, with a smooth, heavy, and thick wall
A

Cysts

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22
Q

Naegleria fowleri

The nucleus is not usually evident, and cyst looks empty.

A

Cyst

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23
Q

Naegleria fowleri

TOF. Stained organism will show the nucleus having the same appearance as that in the trophozoite although smaller in size.

A

T

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24
Q

This infection is acquired through instillation of trophozoite into the nose when the person swims in infected bodies of water

A

Naegleria fowleri infection or Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

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25
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

TOF. The trophozoites can go into the brain via the first cranial nerve.

A

T

olfactory nerve epithelium

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26
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

TOF. The cyst form is aquatic in nature

A

F (tropho)

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27
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

unable to cause infection in experimental animals

A

Cyst

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28
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

A. Pathology is generally limited in the brain
B. Blood congestion of the Meninges
C. Olfactory bulbs become hemorrhagic with necrosis
D. Moderately purulent appearance of the Meninges

A

All

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29
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

TOF. Infection is dramatic.

A

T

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30
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

leads to neck stiffness or generalized seizure or convulsion

A

Meningeal irritation

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31
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

Symptoms (select all the possible answers)
A. Prodromal symptoms
B. Nausea and vomiting
C. Shortness of breath
D. Diarrhea

A

A & B

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32
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

Involved regions in the brain

A

olfactory, frontal, temporal, and cerebellar regions

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33
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

Involvement of this results to disturbances in the sense of smell and/or taste

A

olfactory bulb

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34
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

Death occurs early and the clinical course seldom exceeds?

A

3-6 days

35
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

TOF. Patients, oftentimes, become irrational prior to coma.

A

T

36
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

TOF. This infection is usually fatal, but survival rate is still low even if diagnosed early.

A

F

37
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

The recommended treatment for Naegleria infection is a combination of?

A

Amphotericin B and Miltefosine

38
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

an antifungal drug that is usually given intravenously or into the space around the spinal cord.

A

Amphotericin B

39
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

  • an investigational drug used in breast cancer and leishmaniasis
  • shows effective in killing Naegleria amoeba in vitro and animal studies
A

Miltefosine

40
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

The organism may be recovered from the?

A

CSF

41
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

The organism may be recovered from the CSF obtained through?

A

lumbar puncture

42
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

a small amount of CSF is diluted with distilled water and observed through a?

A

hanging drop preparation

43
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

TOF. Gram stain will color the parasite.

A

F

44
Q

NAEGLERI FOWLERI

T or F

Immuno-fluorescence and/or immunoperoxidase methods cannot be used to demonstrate the organism.

A

F

45
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

These staining methods are preferred

A

Iron hematoxylin and Wright’s staining

46
Q

NAEGLERIA FOWLERI

measures to prevent and control Naegleria infections, except:
A. avoid contact with stagnant or thermal waters
B. salination of public water pools up to 0.9%
C. adequate chlorination of public waters, including swimming facilities
D. public education

A

B (.7%)

47
Q

ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES

Acanthamoeba species can be found:
A. dust in air
B. jacuzzis
C. ventilating units
D. fresh water
E. dialysis machines

select all possible answers

A

ALL

48
Q

ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES

TOF. Even though its widespread distribution, systemic infection occurs only the immunocompromised population.

A

T

49
Q

ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES

resistant stage

A

cyst

50
Q

ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES

TOF. no flagellate form among species of Acanthamoeba.

A

T

51
Q

ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES

This stage has an irregular shape due to spine-like pseudopodia and acanthopodia from the lobopodia.

A

trophozoite

52
Q

ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES: morphology and species

has an average size of 30μm. It contains a prominent nucleus and large nucleolus

A

Acanthamoeba culbertsoni- Trophozoite

53
Q

ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES

  • is spherical, with slight irregular outline
  • measures 20μm or more
  • double walled, with polyhedral inner cyst wall (endocyst)
  • smooth or slightly wrinkled outer wall (ectocyst)
  • It has a centrally located nucleus with large, central karyosome.
A

Acanthamoeba culbertsoni: cyst

54
Q
  • has a broad, hyaline lobopodian and numerous delicate looking acanthopodia
  • The uroid process may be prominent.
  • The cytoplasm has a single and prominent contractile vacuole.
  • has a vesicular nucleus and centrally located endosome
  • average length is 23μm
A

Acanthamoeba polyphaga–Trophozoite:

55
Q

double walled with polyhedral or stellate endocyst and wrinkled ectocyst

A

Acanthamoeba polyphaga
 Cyst:

56
Q

elongated trophozoite

A

Acanthamoeba castellani

57
Q
  • average diameter of 16μm
  • has a polyhedral endocyst
  • a rippled wrinkled ectocyst.
A

Acanthamoeba castellani: cyst

58
Q
  • measures 25 to 60μm
  • conspicuous food vacuole, endoplasm and contains many small and yellowish refractile bodies.
A

Acanthamoeba astronyxis
– Trophozoite

59
Q
  • biconcave in shape with a folded ectocyst and stellate endocyst
  • Contains a single prominent nucleus.
  • diameter measures 14-25μm
A

Acanthamoeba astronyxis–cyst

60
Q

Species of Acanthamoeba produce?

A

granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis (GAE)

like u

61
Q

Symptoms of Acanthaamoeba or Naegleria

brain is secondary to infection elsewhere in the body via the blood stream

A

acantha

62
Q

Symptoms of Acanthamoeba or Naegleria

fever & headache

A

Naeg

63
Q

Symptoms of Acanthamoeba or Naegleria

portals of entry include ulcerated or broken skin, the eyes, genitourinary tract, and probably the lungs

A

Acantha

64
Q

Symptoms of Acanthaamoeba or Naegleria

Onset of disease is gradual with a tendency to be chronic with a prolonged course and oftentimes occurring among debilitated or patients with immune deficiency

A

Acantha

65
Q

Symptoms of Acanthaamoeba or Naegleria

irrational prior to coma

A

Naegleria

66
Q

Symptoms of Acanthaamoeba or Naegleria

neck stiffness or generalized seizure or convulsion

A

Naegleria

67
Q

Symptoms of Acanthamoeba or Naegleria

Corneal infection (keratitis)

A

Acanthamoeba

68
Q

Acanthamoeba

Significant increase in Acanthamoeba infection occurred in different countries since?

A

1985

69
Q

Acanthamoeba

Significant increase in Acanthamoeba infection occurred in different countries since 1985, which was linked to the use of?

A

contact lenses specially the soft ones

70
Q

Acanthamoeba

Central nervous system infections only, according to reports, was seen to occur more with:
A. A. polyphaga
B. A. hatchetti
C. A. castellani

A

A

Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, A. polyphaga, and A. astronyxis

71
Q

Acanthamoeba

cases of eye infections
A. A. culbertsoni
B. A. hatchetti
C. A. astronyxis

A

B

72
Q

Acanthamoeba

Most cases of GAE with eye infection were due to?

A

A. castellani

73
Q

Mainly, species of Acanthamoeba produces?

A

brain granuloma

74
Q

prominent feature of GAE

A

Altered mental status

halata naman

75
Q

Acanthamoeba

Headache, seizures, and neck-stiffness occur in about one half of the cases. Nausea and vomiting may also be present.

A

GAE

76
Q

Acanthamoeba

Brain lesion with Naegleria infection tends to be diffuse but focal with?

A

Acanthamoeba

77
Q

infection also occurs among animals such as beaver, cattle, dogs, rabbits, turkeys, and water buffaloes.

A

Acanthamoeba

78
Q

Acanthamoeba

Acanthamoeba eye infections are effectively treated with?

A

miconazole, metronidazole, and neomycin

79
Q

Acanthamoeba

TOF. Oral ketoconazole can also be given.

A

T

80
Q

Acanthamoeba

Laboratory diagnosis is through identification of trophozoites in the?

A

CSF

81
Q

Acanthamoeba

Laboratory diagnosis is through identification of trophozoites in the CSF through?

A

hanging-drop preparation

82
Q

Acanthamoeba

TOF. Culture, similar to one used in Naegleria, may also be done.

A

T

83
Q

Acanthamoeba

Identification of Acanthamoeba species is difficult if based on morphology alone. Differentiation is easier with the use of?

A

immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent staining procedures

84
Q

Acanthamoeba

Prevention and Control:
A. use, care, and disinfection of lenses
B. Body wounds should be taken cared
C. Avoid swimming in all body of water

Select all that may apply

A

A & B

Diagnostic Parasitology (14 decks)

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