(P) Lec 3: Free-Living Pathogenic Amoeba Flashcards
1
Q
These parasites, classified under free-living amoeba, can cause disease among humans thus, more appropriately called?
A
opportunist
2
Q
FREE-LIVING PATHOGENIC AMOEBA
TOF. They exist in the environment mainly in dry, fresh water and plants.
A
F
3
Q
Opportunist amoeba may be classified under 2 genera
A
Naegleria & Acanthaamoeba
4
Q
This species are classified as ameboflagellate, whereby stages of development consist of flagellate- and amoeboid (non-flagellate) form
A
Naegleria
5
Q
TOF. Acanthamoeba species do also have flagellate forms.
A
F
6
Q
In general, Naegleria fowleri causes?
A
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
7
Q
TOF. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni are also able to produce PAM but to a lesser extent than that of Naegleria.
A
T
8
Q
Naegleria fowleri
People usually get infected when contaminated water enters the body through the?
A
Nose
9
Q
Naegleria fowleri also known as the?
A
brain-eating amoeba
10
Q
Naegleria fowleri
TOF. This cannot cause infections from swallowing water contaminated with Naegleria.
A
T
11
Q
Naegleria fowleri
two forms of tropho
A
amoeboid and flagellate forms
12
Q
Naegleria fowleri
non-motile resistant form
A
cysts
13
Q
Naegleria fowleri
colonizes water and moist soil
A
Tropho
14
Q
Naegleria fowleri
- pear shaped
- move forward rapidly or spin
- transform into the amoeboid form, at which stage division occurs
A
flagellate form
15
Q
Naegleria fowleri
- elongated anterior and distinctly tapered posterior end forming a single clear pseudopod at the forward end
- uroid process, posterior end
A
Amoeboid
16
Q
Naegleria Fowleri: Trophozoite
knob- like structure called?
A
uroid process
17
Q
Naegleria fowleri
amoeboid: size when active
A
7 X 20 μm
18
Q
Naegleria fowleri
amoeboid: rounded size
A
10-5 μm (diameter)
19
Q
Naegleria fowleri: Amoeboid
TOF. Each organism has a single nucleus with a small karyosome at the anterior part of the endoplasm
A
F (large)
20
Q
Naegleria fowleri: Amoeboid
TOF. cytoplasm is filled with granules and one or more contractile vacuoles.
A
T
21
Q
Naegleria fowleri
- forms in agar culture media and the one found in nature
- pherical with a single nucleus, measuring 7-10 μm in diameter, with a smooth, heavy, and thick wall
A
Cysts
22
Q
Naegleria fowleri
The nucleus is not usually evident, and cyst looks empty.
A
Cyst
23
Q
Naegleria fowleri
TOF. Stained organism will show the nucleus having the same appearance as that in the trophozoite although smaller in size.
A
T
24
Q
This infection is acquired through instillation of trophozoite into the nose when the person swims in infected bodies of water
A
Naegleria fowleri infection or Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
25
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
TOF. The trophozoites can go into the brain via the first cranial nerve.
T
## Footnote
olfactory nerve epithelium
26
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
TOF. The cyst form is aquatic in nature
F (tropho)
27
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
unable to cause infection in experimental animals
Cyst
28
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
A. Pathology is generally limited in the brain
B. Blood congestion of the Meninges
C. Olfactory bulbs become hemorrhagic with necrosis
D. Moderately purulent appearance of the Meninges
All
29
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
TOF. Infection is dramatic.
T
30
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
leads to neck stiffness or generalized seizure or convulsion
Meningeal irritation
31
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
Symptoms (select all the possible answers)
A. Prodromal symptoms
B. Nausea and vomiting
C. Shortness of breath
D. Diarrhea
A & B
32
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
Involved regions in the brain
olfactory, frontal, temporal, and cerebellar regions
33
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
Involvement of this results to disturbances in the sense of smell and/or taste
olfactory bulb
34
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
Death occurs early and the clinical course seldom exceeds?
3-6 days
35
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
TOF. Patients, oftentimes, become irrational prior to coma.
T
36
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
TOF. This infection is usually fatal, but survival rate is still low even if diagnosed early.
F
37
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
The recommended treatment for Naegleria infection is a combination of?
Amphotericin B and Miltefosine
38
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
an antifungal drug that is usually given intravenously or into the space around the spinal cord.
Amphotericin B
39
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
* an investigational drug used in breast cancer and leishmaniasis
* shows effective in killing Naegleria amoeba in vitro and animal studies
Miltefosine
40
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
The organism may be recovered from the?
CSF
41
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
The organism may be recovered from the CSF obtained through?
lumbar puncture
42
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
a small amount of CSF is diluted with distilled water and observed through a?
hanging drop preparation
43
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
TOF. Gram stain will color the parasite.
F
44
# NAEGLERI FOWLERI
T or F
Immuno-fluorescence and/or immunoperoxidase methods cannot be used to demonstrate the organism.
F
45
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
These staining methods are preferred
Iron hematoxylin and Wright's staining
46
# NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
measures to prevent and control Naegleria infections, except:
A. avoid contact with stagnant or thermal waters
B. salination of public water pools up to 0.9%
C. adequate chlorination of public waters, including swimming facilities
D. public education
B (.7%)
47
# ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES
Acanthamoeba species can be found:
A. dust in air
B. jacuzzis
C. ventilating units
D. fresh water
E. dialysis machines
| select all possible answers
ALL
48
# ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES
TOF. Even though its widespread distribution, systemic infection occurs only the immunocompromised population.
T
49
# ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES
resistant stage
cyst
50
# ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES
TOF. no flagellate form among species of Acanthamoeba.
T
51
# ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES
This stage has an irregular shape due to spine-like pseudopodia and acanthopodia from the lobopodia.
trophozoite
52
# ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES: morphology and species
has an average size of 30μm. It contains a prominent nucleus and large nucleolus
Acanthamoeba culbertsoni- Trophozoite
53
# ACANTHAMOEBA SPECIES
* is spherical, with slight irregular outline
* measures 20μm or more
* double walled, with polyhedral inner cyst wall (endocyst)
* smooth or slightly wrinkled outer wall (ectocyst)
* It has a centrally located nucleus with large, central karyosome.
Acanthamoeba culbertsoni: cyst
54
* has a broad, hyaline lobopodian and numerous delicate looking acanthopodia
* The uroid process may be prominent.
* The cytoplasm has a single and prominent contractile vacuole.
* has a vesicular nucleus and centrally located endosome
* average length is 23μm
Acanthamoeba polyphaga--Trophozoite:
55
double walled with polyhedral or stellate endocyst and wrinkled ectocyst
Acanthamoeba polyphaga
Cyst:
56
elongated trophozoite
Acanthamoeba castellani
57
* average diameter of 16μm
* has a polyhedral endocyst
* a rippled wrinkled ectocyst.
Acanthamoeba castellani: cyst
58
* measures 25 to 60μm
* conspicuous food vacuole, endoplasm and contains many small and yellowish refractile bodies.
Acanthamoeba astronyxis
-- Trophozoite
59
* biconcave in shape with a folded ectocyst and stellate endocyst
* Contains a single prominent nucleus.
* diameter measures 14-25μm
Acanthamoeba astronyxis--cyst
60
Species of Acanthamoeba produce?
granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis (GAE)
## Footnote
like u
61
# Symptoms of Acanthaamoeba or Naegleria
brain is secondary to infection elsewhere in the body via the blood stream
acantha
62
# Symptoms of Acanthamoeba or Naegleria
fever & headache
Naeg
63
# Symptoms of Acanthamoeba or Naegleria
portals of entry include ulcerated or broken skin, the eyes, genitourinary tract, and probably the lungs
Acantha
64
# Symptoms of Acanthaamoeba or Naegleria
Onset of disease is gradual with a tendency to be chronic with a prolonged course and oftentimes occurring among debilitated or patients with immune deficiency
Acantha
65
# Symptoms of Acanthaamoeba or Naegleria
irrational prior to coma
Naegleria
66
# Symptoms of Acanthaamoeba or Naegleria
neck stiffness or generalized seizure or convulsion
Naegleria
67
# Symptoms of Acanthamoeba or Naegleria
Corneal infection (keratitis)
Acanthamoeba
68
# Acanthamoeba
Significant increase in Acanthamoeba infection occurred in different countries since?
1985
69
# Acanthamoeba
Significant increase in Acanthamoeba infection occurred in different countries since 1985, which was linked to the use of?
contact lenses specially the soft ones
70
# Acanthamoeba
Central nervous system infections only, according to reports, was seen to occur more with:
A. A. polyphaga
B. A. hatchetti
C. A. castellani
A
## Footnote
Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, A. polyphaga, and A. astronyxis
71
# Acanthamoeba
cases of eye infections
A. A. culbertsoni
B. A. hatchetti
C. A. astronyxis
B
72
# Acanthamoeba
Most cases of GAE with eye infection were due to?
A. castellani
73
Mainly, species of Acanthamoeba produces?
brain granuloma
74
prominent feature of GAE
Altered mental status
## Footnote
halata naman
75
# Acanthamoeba
Headache, seizures, and neck-stiffness occur in about one half of the cases. Nausea and vomiting may also be present.
GAE
76
# Acanthamoeba
Brain lesion with Naegleria infection tends to be diffuse but focal with?
Acanthamoeba
77
infection also occurs among animals such as beaver, cattle, dogs, rabbits, turkeys, and water buffaloes.
Acanthamoeba
78
# Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoeba eye infections are effectively treated with?
miconazole, metronidazole, and neomycin
79
# Acanthamoeba
TOF. Oral ketoconazole can also be given.
T
80
# Acanthamoeba
Laboratory diagnosis is through identification of trophozoites in the?
CSF
81
# Acanthamoeba
Laboratory diagnosis is through identification of trophozoites in the CSF through?
hanging-drop preparation
82
# Acanthamoeba
TOF. Culture, similar to one used in Naegleria, may also be done.
T
83
# Acanthamoeba
Identification of Acanthamoeba species is difficult if based on morphology alone. Differentiation is easier with the use of?
immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent staining procedures
84
# Acanthamoeba
Prevention and Control:
A. use, care, and disinfection of lenses
B. Body wounds should be taken cared
C. Avoid swimming in all body of water
| Select all that may apply
A & B
