(M) Eimeriina (Coccidia) Flashcards
(module and laboratory discussion-based
1
Q
This group consists of members, which are obligate intracellular parasites and do not have definite organelles of locomotion.
A
Species of Eimeriina (coccidia)
2
Q
Phylum, class, subclass and superorder
A
Apicomplexa
Sporozea
Coccidia
Eucoccidea
3
Q
Order, Suborder, family
A
Eucoccidiida
Eimerrina
Eimerridae
4
Q
Life cycle consists of 2 phases
A
Schizogony (asexual cycle) and sporogony (sexual phase)
5
Q
Movement
A
body flexion, gliding, or undulation of longitudinal ridges
6
Q
These two processes can occur in the same host such as in
man, by definition, is both intermediate and definitive host
A
Cystoisospora belli
7
Q
In schizogony, the organism multiplies through segmentation or division, wherein nuclear division is followed by that of the cytoplasm, resulting to organisms with its own nucleus called the?
A
merozoites
8
Q
Sporogony, on the other hand, involves union of sex cells that results to the formation of?
A
sporozoites
9
Q
(3) have only a single direct cycle of transmission whereby both asexual and sexual stages of multiplication occur in a single host
A
cystoisospora, eimeria and cryptosporidium
10
Q
(2), sexual stages are usually in the intestinal mucosa of a carnivorous host (predator) resulting in an oocyst or sporocyst that passes out in the feces to infect an intermediate host (the prey) where asexual multiplication will occur.
A
Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma
11
Q
The smallest and earliest stage within a tissue cell is the?
A
trophozoite
12
Q
the ones that invade other tissue cells to become young trophozoites again
A
merozoites
13
Q
Mature sex cells, called gametes (macrogamete for female and microgamete for male), unite to form
A
zygote
14
Q
The zygote secretes a cyst wall and becomes a/an
A
oocyst, with a sporoblast inside
15
Q
Sporoblast secretes a cyst wall to form
A
sporocyst
contains sporozoites
16
Q
sporocyst that contains sporozoites, which, therefore, is called
A
mature oocyst
17
Q
Rupture of cyst wall causes release of?
A
sporozoites
18
Q
The schizont grows and later causes rupture of the host cell to release the?
A
merozoites
19
Q
Cystoisospora belli formerly known as
A
Isospora belli
20
Q
Cystoisospora belli is a causative parasite of
A
human coccidiasis or cystoisosporiasis
21
Q
- worldwide distribution, although rare, it is more common in tropical than temperate region
- Both the sexual and asexual process occurs in man
A
CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI
22
Q
CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI
Inhabit
A
distal duodenum and proximal ileum
23
Q
CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: Life Cycle
Man acquires the infection through?
A
ingestion of contaminated food and drinks
24
Q
CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: Life Cycle
At what stage can this be ingested?
A
mature oocyst
25
# CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: OOCYST
Shape
“neck-like” appearance
## Footnote
complete: elongate ovoid, one end is narrowed as compared to the other
that results to a “neck-like” appearance
26
# CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: OOCYST
how many layers does the cyst wall contain?
two-layered, colorless, and smooth
27
# CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: OOCYST
Immature cyst has how many sporoblast within?
1-2
28
# CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: OOCYST
Mature cyst:
2 sporocyst
29
# CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: OOCYST
how many sporozoites in each sporocysts?
4 shaped like a banana
30
# CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI
pls study the pathogenesis
Infection is confined to the intestinal epithelial cells, and cause destruction of the surface layer of the intestine. There is malabsorption, markedly abnormal intestinal mucosa with short villi, hypertrophied crypts, and infiltration of the lamina propia with eosinophils, neutrophils, and round cells.
The infection is oftentimes asymptomatic and self-limiting. Some may manifest with mild gastrointestinal distress to severe dysentery producing pale yellow and foul-smelling stools that may suggest malabsorption process. Chronic diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, malaise, and anorexia may occur.
31
# CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI
Lab diagnosis
* fecal smears
* concentration procedures (zinc sulfate)
* enterotest (for oocyst)
32
# CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI
Treatment
trimethoprim – sulfamethoxazole or Co-trimoxazole
33
caused by a microscopic parasite Sarcocystis
HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION
34
# HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION
One causes intestinal sarcocystis infection, manifesting as?
diarrhea, fever (mild) and vomiting
35
# HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION
etiologic agent
Sarcocystis hominis/ suihominis
36
# HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION
Sarcocystis hominis/ suihominis produces a/an?
oocyst
37
# HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION: Sarcocystis hominis/ suihominis
intermediate hosts
cattles and pigs
38
# HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION: Sarcocystis hominis/ suihominis
definitive host
man
39
# HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION
This other type presents with muscle pains, transitory edema, and fever
extra-intestinal sarcocystis infection
40
extra-intestinal sarcocystis infection is caused by what disease?
Sarcocystis lindemanni
41
Sarcocystis lindemanni produces?
sarcocyst
42
# Sarcocystis lindemanni
Intermediate host
Man
43
# Sarcocystis lindemanni
Definitive host
UKNOWN P RAW
44
# SARCOCYSTIS HOMINIS/ SUIHOMINIS
paaral ng life cycle mwah
k
45
# SARCOCYSTIS HOMINIS/ SUIHOMINIS LIFECYCLE
The sarcocyst ruptures in the small intestine to release the?
merozoites
46
# SARCOCYSTIS HOMINIS/ SUIHOMINIS: Life cycle
once the merozoites is released, where does it invade to initiate the production of gametes?
invade the lamina propia of the intestinal mucosa
47
# SARCOCYSTIS HOMINIS/ SUIHOMINIS
What is evacuated in the feces after the process of sporogony
oocyst
48
Sarcocyst in the skeletal muscle, contains numerous large round cells called?
metrocytes or merozoite
49
TOF. Oocyst is almost identical with that of C. belli but passed out in the feces fully developed while oocyst of C. belli matures after evacuation in the stool.
T
50
# SARCOCYSTIS HOMINIS/ SUIHOMINIS
Stage: It's wall is covered with closely set, thin villi giving the appearance of being striated
Oocyst
51
# SARCOCYSTIS HOMINIS/ SUIHOMINIS
Organisms, while in the sporogony cycle, destroy what?
epithelial cells of the intestine
52
The causative agent of sarcosporodiosis, or extra-intestinal sarcocystis infection
SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
53
# SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
TOF. Sarcocysts are found both in skeletal and cardiac muscles.
F (either, not both found)
54
# SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
pa-stud ng life cycle thx
mwah
55
# SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
The sporozoites find their way to the vascular endothelium where they develop into schizonts and produce one or more generations of merozoites called?
tachyzoites
56
# SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
The merozoites then invade the striated muscle cells and produce
sarcocyst
57
# SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
There is destruction of?
vascular endothelium and inflammation of the involved muscle
58
# SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
may occur and there will be pain and tenderness of the involved muscles
| identify ano sakit
myotistis
59
# SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
The release of sarcocystin from the sarcocyst may result to hypersensitivity reaction leading to?
allergic manifestations
60
# SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
Laboratory diagnosis is by doing tissue biopsy using?
Periodic Acid Shift (PAS) staining
61
# SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
What does PAS recover?
demonstrating the sarcocyst
62
# SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
TOF. Areas of the cytoplasm will show PAS negative reaction.
T
63
# SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
Treatment includes giving of ___________ with or without concurrent steroid.
albendazole
64
# SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
Treatment with ________________ in the early in the course of illness is promising.
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
65
Cryptosporidium parvum is the causative agent of the disease
cryptosporidiosis
66
* distributed worldwide and maybe the common cause of diarrhea among travelers and patients of day-care centers
* borne infection or zoonotic
* more common among children than adults
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
67
# CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
In man, this parasite inhabits the?
* brush borders of the mucosal epithelium of the stomach or the intestine
* gall bladder
* pancreatic duct
68
# CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
identified an additional species, Cryptosporidium hominis which infects humans
Genetic analysis
69
# CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
pls study the life cycle of all
will not remind u enimor thx
70
# CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM: Morphology
measure 2 – 5μm and are attached to the host cell membrane
Trophozoite and schizont
71
# CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM: Morphology
has 4 sporozoites but no sporocyst
Oocyst (4- 5μm)
72
# CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM: Morphology
produces 8 falciform merozoites that are released to form new schizogonic cycle or to initiate the sporogonic cycle by forming micro- and macrogametocytes, which mature to micro- and macrogamete, respectively. Fertilization occurs resulting to an oocyst that later becomes mature.
Schizont
73
Clinical presentations are nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and fever among symptomatic individuals
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
74
# CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
common presentation, especially among children
Diarrhea
75
# CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
This may happen due to diarrhea and vomiting may lead to fatal outcome among children
Severe fluid loss
76
# CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM: Lab diagnosis
identify the oocyst can be used for diagnosis
Direct fecal smears
77
# CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM Laboratory Diagnosis
may also be done to recover the oocyst
enterotest
78
# CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
TOF. Stool samples may be concentrated to increase the yield of positive results.
T
79
# CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
Serologic tests
ELISA and immunofluorescence
80
# CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
approved for treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium in people with healthy immune systems
Nitazoxanide
81
* with a cosmopolitan distribution
* the infection is quite common, the disease is rare.
* Most cases are asymptomatic
Toxoplasma gondii
82
Toxoplasma gondii causes
toxoplasmosis
83
# Toxoplasma gondii
Reproduction is through
endodyogeny
## Footnote
2 daughter trophozoites are formed within the parent cel
84
# Toxoplasma gondii
Inhabit
* cyst is found in the muscle and other tissues
* including the CNS, during the chronic phase of the infection
85
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
likely to be the sources of the highly infective oocysts.
Domestic cats
86
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Manner of Transmission
* Fecal-oral (cats)
* poorly cooked beef
* infected beef
* water-borne
* Transplacental transfer
* organ transplantation and blood transfusion
87
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Infective stage
trophozoites, cysts, and oocysts
88
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
The trophozoite develops and undergoes schizogony resulting to merozoites that invade other tissue. Schizogonic process continues. This is the called the
| occurs when the immune status of the individual is low
acute proliferative phase
89
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
The patient develops antibodies, and the organism secretes a cyst wall, this is now the (phase)
chronic cystic phase.
90
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Schizogony and sporogony both occur in?
cat
91
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Intermediate host
Man
92
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
* 4 – 8 x 2 – 3 micrometers, pyriform or crescent-shaped, one end is rounder than the other with spherical to ovoid nucleus that is usually nearer the blunt end.
* Tachyzoites are seen during the acute phase of the infection. Bradyzoites are the slow multiplying forms within the cyst.
Trophozoite
93
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
* 100 micrometers in diameter, contains 50 to several thousands of bradyzoites, cyst wall is eosinophilic, argyrophilic, and usually weakly PAS-positive, organisms within the cyst are strongly PAS-positive.
Cyst
94
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
10 x 12 micrometers, wall has two layers with 2 sporocysts – each of which contains 4 sporozoites.
Oocyst
95
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
are rapidly dividing trophozoites seen during the acute phase of the infection
Tachyzoites
96
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
the slow multiplying forms within the cyst
Bradyzoites
97
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
can develop in the?
brain, eyes, and skeletal muscles
98
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Multiplication of the organisms within the infected cell leads to the
death and rupture of the cell
99
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
TOF. Most cases are asymptomatic.
T
100
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
often severe and even fatal manifesting
Congenital toxoplasmosis
101
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
a syndrome which consists of chorioretinitis, cerebral calcification, convulsion or psychomotor disturbance, and hydrocephalus or microcephalus.
so-called Sabin syndrome
102
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
the most common form of the disease
Acquired toxoplasmosis
103
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
the most common type, resembles infectious mononucleosis, characterized by cervical and axillary lymphadenopathies, malaise, muscle pain, and irregular low-grade fever, and acute, fulminating disseminated infection
mild lymphatic form
104
# Other Forms of Toxoplasmosis
ike exanthematous form: may produce myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, and atypical pneumonia.
Typhus
105
# Other Forms of Toxoplasmosis
brain is involved, and the CSF becomes xanthochromic (yellow color).
Cerebrospinal form
106
# Other Forms of Toxoplasmosis
the ocular lesion originates from the retina and spread to the choroids.
Non - congenital retinochoroiditis infection:
107
# Other Forms of Toxoplasmosis
while the immune status or a person is good, there may be no signs or symptoms but lowered immune mechanism leads to generalized toxoplasmosis.
Opportunistic infection
108
# Other Forms of Toxoplasmosis
The most common manifestation among adults is
lymphadenopathies
| nodes commonly involved are those in the neck region
109
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Recovery of the organisms in biopsy specimen
from the lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, brain and other tissues is diagnostic.
110
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Serologic tests
Complement Fixation test, Double Sandwich ELISA test, Indirect Immunofluorescent antibody test., Indirect Hemagglutination test, Sabin-Feldman dye test, and Frenkel skin test
111
# TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Detection of the parasites’ DNA through
PCR
112
