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Diagnostic Parasitology > (M) Eimeriina (Coccidia) > Flashcards

(M) Eimeriina (Coccidia) Flashcards

(module and laboratory discussion-based

1
Q

This group consists of members, which are obligate intracellular parasites and do not have definite organelles of locomotion.

A

Species of Eimeriina (coccidia)

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2
Q

Phylum, class, subclass and superorder

A

Apicomplexa
Sporozea
Coccidia
Eucoccidea

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3
Q

Order, Suborder, family

A

Eucoccidiida
Eimerrina
Eimerridae

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4
Q

Life cycle consists of 2 phases

A

Schizogony (asexual cycle) and sporogony (sexual phase)

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5
Q

Movement

A

body flexion, gliding, or undulation of longitudinal ridges

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6
Q

These two processes can occur in the same host such as in

man, by definition, is both intermediate and definitive host

A

Cystoisospora belli

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7
Q

In schizogony, the organism multiplies through segmentation or division, wherein nuclear division is followed by that of the cytoplasm, resulting to organisms with its own nucleus called the?

A

merozoites

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8
Q

Sporogony, on the other hand, involves union of sex cells that results to the formation of?

A

sporozoites

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9
Q

(3) have only a single direct cycle of transmission whereby both asexual and sexual stages of multiplication occur in a single host

A

cystoisospora, eimeria and cryptosporidium

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10
Q

(2), sexual stages are usually in the intestinal mucosa of a carnivorous host (predator) resulting in an oocyst or sporocyst that passes out in the feces to infect an intermediate host (the prey) where asexual multiplication will occur.

A

Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma

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11
Q

The smallest and earliest stage within a tissue cell is the?

A

trophozoite

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12
Q

the ones that invade other tissue cells to become young trophozoites again

A

merozoites

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13
Q

Mature sex cells, called gametes (macrogamete for female and microgamete for male), unite to form

A

zygote

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14
Q

The zygote secretes a cyst wall and becomes a/an

A

oocyst, with a sporoblast inside

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15
Q

Sporoblast secretes a cyst wall to form

A

sporocyst

contains sporozoites

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16
Q

sporocyst that contains sporozoites, which, therefore, is called

A

mature oocyst

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17
Q

Rupture of cyst wall causes release of?

A

sporozoites

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18
Q

The schizont grows and later causes rupture of the host cell to release the?

A

merozoites

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19
Q

Cystoisospora belli formerly known as

A

Isospora belli

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20
Q

Cystoisospora belli is a causative parasite of

A

human coccidiasis or cystoisosporiasis

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21
Q
  • worldwide distribution, although rare, it is more common in tropical than temperate region
  • Both the sexual and asexual process occurs in man
A

CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI

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22
Q

CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI

Inhabit

A

distal duodenum and proximal ileum

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23
Q

CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: Life Cycle

Man acquires the infection through?

A

ingestion of contaminated food and drinks

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24
Q

CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: Life Cycle

At what stage can this be ingested?

A

mature oocyst

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25
Q

CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: OOCYST

Shape

A

“neck-like” appearance

complete: elongate ovoid, one end is narrowed as compared to the other
that results to a “neck-like” appearance

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26
Q

CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: OOCYST

how many layers does the cyst wall contain?

A

two-layered, colorless, and smooth

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27
Q

CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: OOCYST

Immature cyst has how many sporoblast within?

A

1-2

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28
Q

CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: OOCYST

Mature cyst:

A

2 sporocyst

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29
Q

CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI: OOCYST

how many sporozoites in each sporocysts?

A

4 shaped like a banana

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30
Q

CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI

pls study the pathogenesis

A

Infection is confined to the intestinal epithelial cells, and cause destruction of the surface layer of the intestine. There is malabsorption, markedly abnormal intestinal mucosa with short villi, hypertrophied crypts, and infiltration of the lamina propia with eosinophils, neutrophils, and round cells.
The infection is oftentimes asymptomatic and self-limiting. Some may manifest with mild gastrointestinal distress to severe dysentery producing pale yellow and foul-smelling stools that may suggest malabsorption process. Chronic diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, malaise, and anorexia may occur.

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31
Q

CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI

Lab diagnosis

A
  • fecal smears
  • concentration procedures (zinc sulfate)
  • enterotest (for oocyst)
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32
Q

CYSTOISOSPORA BELLI

Treatment

A

trimethoprim – sulfamethoxazole or Co-trimoxazole

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33
Q

caused by a microscopic parasite Sarcocystis

A

HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION

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34
Q

HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION

One causes intestinal sarcocystis infection, manifesting as?

A

diarrhea, fever (mild) and vomiting

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35
Q

HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION

etiologic agent

A

Sarcocystis hominis/ suihominis

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36
Q

HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION

Sarcocystis hominis/ suihominis produces a/an?

A

oocyst

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37
Q

HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION: Sarcocystis hominis/ suihominis

intermediate hosts

A

cattles and pigs

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38
Q

HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION: Sarcocystis hominis/ suihominis

definitive host

A

man

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39
Q

HUMAN SARCOCYSTIS INFECTION

This other type presents with muscle pains, transitory edema, and fever

A

extra-intestinal sarcocystis infection

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40
Q

extra-intestinal sarcocystis infection is caused by what disease?

A

Sarcocystis lindemanni

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41
Q

Sarcocystis lindemanni produces?

A

sarcocyst

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42
Q

Sarcocystis lindemanni

Intermediate host

A

Man

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43
Q

Sarcocystis lindemanni

Definitive host

A

UKNOWN P RAW

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44
Q

SARCOCYSTIS HOMINIS/ SUIHOMINIS

paaral ng life cycle mwah

A

k

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45
Q

SARCOCYSTIS HOMINIS/ SUIHOMINIS LIFECYCLE

The sarcocyst ruptures in the small intestine to release the?

A

merozoites

46
Q

SARCOCYSTIS HOMINIS/ SUIHOMINIS: Life cycle

once the merozoites is released, where does it invade to initiate the production of gametes?

A

invade the lamina propia of the intestinal mucosa

47
Q

SARCOCYSTIS HOMINIS/ SUIHOMINIS

What is evacuated in the feces after the process of sporogony

48
Q

Sarcocyst in the skeletal muscle, contains numerous large round cells called?

A

metrocytes or merozoite

49
Q

TOF. Oocyst is almost identical with that of C. belli but passed out in the feces fully developed while oocyst of C. belli matures after evacuation in the stool.

50
Q

SARCOCYSTIS HOMINIS/ SUIHOMINIS

Stage: It’s wall is covered with closely set, thin villi giving the appearance of being striated

51
Q

SARCOCYSTIS HOMINIS/ SUIHOMINIS

Organisms, while in the sporogony cycle, destroy what?

A

epithelial cells of the intestine

52
Q

The causative agent of sarcosporodiosis, or extra-intestinal sarcocystis infection

A

SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI

53
Q

SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI

TOF. Sarcocysts are found both in skeletal and cardiac muscles.

A

F (either, not both found)

54
Q

SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI

pa-stud ng life cycle thx

55
Q

SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI

The sporozoites find their way to the vascular endothelium where they develop into schizonts and produce one or more generations of merozoites called?

A

tachyzoites

56
Q

SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI

The merozoites then invade the striated muscle cells and produce

57
Q

SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI

There is destruction of?

A

vascular endothelium and inflammation of the involved muscle

58
Q

SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI

may occur and there will be pain and tenderness of the involved muscles

identify ano sakit

59
Q

SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI

The release of sarcocystin from the sarcocyst may result to hypersensitivity reaction leading to?

A

allergic manifestations

60
Q

SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI

Laboratory diagnosis is by doing tissue biopsy using?

A

Periodic Acid Shift (PAS) staining

61
Q

SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI

What does PAS recover?

A

demonstrating the sarcocyst

62
Q

SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI

TOF. Areas of the cytoplasm will show PAS negative reaction.

63
Q

SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI

Treatment includes giving of ___________ with or without concurrent steroid.

A

albendazole

64
Q

SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI

Treatment with ________________ in the early in the course of illness is promising.

A

trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

65
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum is the causative agent of the disease

A

cryptosporidiosis

66
Q
  • distributed worldwide and maybe the common cause of diarrhea among travelers and patients of day-care centers
  • borne infection or zoonotic
  • more common among children than adults
A

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM

67
Q

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM

In man, this parasite inhabits the?

A
  • brush borders of the mucosal epithelium of the stomach or the intestine
  • gall bladder
  • pancreatic duct
68
Q

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM

identified an additional species, Cryptosporidium hominis which infects humans

A

Genetic analysis

69
Q

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM

pls study the life cycle of all

A

will not remind u enimor thx

70
Q

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM: Morphology

measure 2 – 5μm and are attached to the host cell membrane

A

Trophozoite and schizont

71
Q

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM: Morphology

has 4 sporozoites but no sporocyst

A

Oocyst (4- 5μm)

72
Q

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM: Morphology

produces 8 falciform merozoites that are released to form new schizogonic cycle or to initiate the sporogonic cycle by forming micro- and macrogametocytes, which mature to micro- and macrogamete, respectively. Fertilization occurs resulting to an oocyst that later becomes mature.

73
Q

Clinical presentations are nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and fever among symptomatic individuals

A

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM

74
Q

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM

common presentation, especially among children

75
Q

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM

This may happen due to diarrhea and vomiting may lead to fatal outcome among children

A

Severe fluid loss

76
Q

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM: Lab diagnosis

identify the oocyst can be used for diagnosis

A

Direct fecal smears

77
Q

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM Laboratory Diagnosis

may also be done to recover the oocyst

A

enterotest

78
Q

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM

TOF. Stool samples may be concentrated to increase the yield of positive results.

79
Q

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM

Serologic tests

A

ELISA and immunofluorescence

80
Q

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM

approved for treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium in people with healthy immune systems

A

Nitazoxanide

81
Q
  • with a cosmopolitan distribution
  • the infection is quite common, the disease is rare.
  • Most cases are asymptomatic
A

Toxoplasma gondii

82
Q

Toxoplasma gondii causes

A

toxoplasmosis

83
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

Reproduction is through

A

endodyogeny

2 daughter trophozoites are formed within the parent cel

84
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

Inhabit

A
  • cyst is found in the muscle and other tissues
  • including the CNS, during the chronic phase of the infection
85
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

likely to be the sources of the highly infective oocysts.

A

Domestic cats

86
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

Manner of Transmission

A
  • Fecal-oral (cats)
  • poorly cooked beef
  • infected beef
  • water-borne
  • Transplacental transfer
  • organ transplantation and blood transfusion
87
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

Infective stage

A

trophozoites, cysts, and oocysts

88
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

The trophozoite develops and undergoes schizogony resulting to merozoites that invade other tissue. Schizogonic process continues. This is the called the

occurs when the immune status of the individual is low

A

acute proliferative phase

89
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

The patient develops antibodies, and the organism secretes a cyst wall, this is now the (phase)

A

chronic cystic phase.

90
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

Schizogony and sporogony both occur in?

91
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

Intermediate host

92
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

  • 4 – 8 x 2 – 3 micrometers, pyriform or crescent-shaped, one end is rounder than the other with spherical to ovoid nucleus that is usually nearer the blunt end.
  • Tachyzoites are seen during the acute phase of the infection. Bradyzoites are the slow multiplying forms within the cyst.
A

Trophozoite

93
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

  • 100 micrometers in diameter, contains 50 to several thousands of bradyzoites, cyst wall is eosinophilic, argyrophilic, and usually weakly PAS-positive, organisms within the cyst are strongly PAS-positive.
94
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

10 x 12 micrometers, wall has two layers with 2 sporocysts – each of which contains 4 sporozoites.

95
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

are rapidly dividing trophozoites seen during the acute phase of the infection

A

Tachyzoites

96
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

the slow multiplying forms within the cyst

A

Bradyzoites

97
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

can develop in the?

A

brain, eyes, and skeletal muscles

98
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

Multiplication of the organisms within the infected cell leads to the

A

death and rupture of the cell

99
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

TOF. Most cases are asymptomatic.

100
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

often severe and even fatal manifesting

A

Congenital toxoplasmosis

101
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

a syndrome which consists of chorioretinitis, cerebral calcification, convulsion or psychomotor disturbance, and hydrocephalus or microcephalus.

A

so-called Sabin syndrome

102
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

the most common form of the disease

A

Acquired toxoplasmosis

103
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

the most common type, resembles infectious mononucleosis, characterized by cervical and axillary lymphadenopathies, malaise, muscle pain, and irregular low-grade fever, and acute, fulminating disseminated infection

A

mild lymphatic form

104
Q

Other Forms of Toxoplasmosis

ike exanthematous form: may produce myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, and atypical pneumonia.

105
Q

Other Forms of Toxoplasmosis

brain is involved, and the CSF becomes xanthochromic (yellow color).

A

Cerebrospinal form

106
Q

Other Forms of Toxoplasmosis

the ocular lesion originates from the retina and spread to the choroids.

A

Non - congenital retinochoroiditis infection:

107
Q

Other Forms of Toxoplasmosis

while the immune status or a person is good, there may be no signs or symptoms but lowered immune mechanism leads to generalized toxoplasmosis.

A

Opportunistic infection

108
Q

Other Forms of Toxoplasmosis

The most common manifestation among adults is

A

lymphadenopathies

nodes commonly involved are those in the neck region

109
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

Recovery of the organisms in biopsy specimen

A

from the lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, brain and other tissues is diagnostic.

110
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

Serologic tests

A

Complement Fixation test, Double Sandwich ELISA test, Indirect Immunofluorescent antibody test., Indirect Hemagglutination test, Sabin-Feldman dye test, and Frenkel skin test

111
Q

TOXOPLASMA GONDII

Detection of the parasites’ DNA through

Diagnostic Parasitology (36 decks)

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