(P) Lec 1: Introduction to Parasitology and Protozoology Flashcards
transes-based
This does not kill the host but harms it severely within a prolonged duration
Parasite
An organism that depends on other organisms for its survival
Parasite
A phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another for shelter and food
Parasitology
A term used to describe how a parasite’s food source is other organisms
Heterotrophic
A term used to describe how organisms make their own food
Autotrophic
What differentiates parasitism from other predatory activities of non-parasites?
The intimate relationship between the 2 species + prolonged contact
Known as the study of parasites
Parasitology
TOF. Clinical Protozoology is primarily concerned with the animal parasites of humans and their medical significance as well as their importance in humans
F (clinical parasitology)
Refers to the study of protists (protozoa)
Protozoology
Parasites are generally ________ , which means that diseases can be transmitted from humans to animals and vice versa
Zoonotic
A term used to describe how parasites cause a disease
Parasitosis
An organism which harbors the parasite
Host
Is responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another
Vector
The number of NEW cases of infection in a population in any given period of time
Incidence
TOF. Predators derive their nutrition from already dead animals, either devouring those that died of natural causes or taking the leavings of a predator
F (scavengers)
TOF. Predation means the parasite may attack another living animal, consuming part or all of its body for nourishment, in the process frequently but not necessarily killing it
T
Means “living together” and the association of two living organisms
Symbiosis
Means “eating at the same table (latin)”; denotes an association that is beneficial to one partner and at least not disadvantageous (neutral) to the other
Commensalism
Entamoeba coli
A. Commensalism
B. Mutualism
C. Parasitism
A. Because E.coli thrive with the lactobacilli in the cecum (gut bacteria) but it is technically not harmless
Occurs when such associations are beneficial to both organisms which are different
Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship in which one animal, the parasite, lives at the expense of the other animal, the host—the relationship is detrimental
A. Commensalism
B. Mutualism
C. Parasitism
C
Type of parasite (based on habitat)
An organism that cannot survive in any other manner; it depends entirely on the host because without it, the parasite will die
Obligate parasite
Type of parasite (based on habitat)
They may exist in a free-living state or as a commensal and that, if opportunity presents itself, may become parasitic when the need arises
Facultative parasite
Type of parasite (based on habitat)
An attack on an unusual host
Accidental/Incidental
Type of parasite (based on habitat)
Free-living organisms in nature that are parasitic to others but not in human
Spurious
Type of parasite (based on habitat)
Ascaris lumbricoides in sheep (giant intestinal roundworm that comes from ingesting infected grass)
Accidental/Incidental
Type of parasite (based on habitat)
Filaria worms (elephantiasis)
Obligate (it cannot continue its life cycle without the intermediate host, mosquitoes, and definitive host, humans)
Type of parasite (based on habitat)
Entamoeba species and Naegleria fowleri (brain-eating amoeba)
Facultative parasite (lives in water fountains but can penetrate and thrive within a host)
Type of parasite (based on habitat)
Taenius saginata (tapeworms in cows)
Spurious (it will only pass through the GIT when ingested)
TOF: Taena solium (pork tapeworm) also passes through the GIT, same as the Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
F (will lead to cysticercosis; causes lumps under the skin)
Based on Host
Predominantly found in animals such as crabs, fishes, and snails
Intermediate
Based on Host
Refers to the asexual phase:
> harbors the larval stage (primitive and infective form)
> usually involves small animals
Intermediate
Based on Host
Harbors the adult stage (mature form) of a parasite where it utilizes the sexual method of reproduction usually on humans
Definitive
Based on Host
Based on this exception, what is the intermediate and definitive host of malaria?
IH: Humans
DH: Mosquitoes
Based on Host
Mostly arthropods and mosquitoes
Definitive
TOF. Humans can serve as a definitive host for malaria
F (intermediate host, the definite hosts are the mosquitoes)
Based on Host
Harbors parasites which are parasitic and may be infectious to humans; mostly in animals
Reservoir
Based on Host
Freshwater crabs/prawns have cercaria (larvae) of this parasite which when eaten by wild boars, can be transferred to humans
Paragonimus westermani
Based on Host
The harboring host is not exhibiting any clinical symptoms but can infect others
Carrier
Based on Host
TOF: Carriers are mostly animals
F (humans)
Based on Host
The host remains viable without further development but may serve to bridge an ecological or trophic gap in a parasite’s life cycle
Paratenic
Based on Host
Not the usual or preferred host
Accidental
Based on Host
Responsible for transferring parasites from one location to another (it harbors the parasite’s underdeveloped stage)
Transport
Based on Host
Transports are also known as?
Vectors
Type of Transport
A phoretic vector; it lodges at the surface of the organism and there will be no development on the parasite (e.g. cockroaches and flies)
Mechanical transport
Type of Transport
The parasite is seen inside the organism as the parasite needs this organism for its development (e.g. mosquitoes, tsetse flies, and sandflies)
Biological
Based on Location
Results in infestations (infes = in the face of sir jerny); living outside the body; will not penetrate into the tissues (e.g. hair fleas)
Ectoparasite
Based on Location
Results in infections; living inside the body
Endoparasite
Based on Location
Lives in dead matter; lives in organic substances in the state of decomposition
Saprophytes (e.g. fungi)
Based on Location
These eat dead matter (e.g. scavengers)
Decomposers (different from saprophytes)
Refers to the process of inoculation
Exposure
Based on Exposure
These animal parasites are harmful, frequently causes local and systemic damage, and can enter through the mouth and nose
Pathogen
Based on Exposure
Period between infection and evidence of symptoms
Incubation
Based on Exposure
From the time it enters the body up to the time you can get it from the excreta or other fluids from the body
Pre-patent period
Based on Exposure
From the time it enters the body up to the time the human manifests symptoms
Clinical incubation period
Based on Infection
The infected person is his own direct source of exposure
Autoinfection
Based on Infection
When an individual harboring a parasite is re-infected with the same species of parasite
Superinfection
Based on Infection
Two infections simultaneously acquired
Co-infection
Enumerate the portals of entry
Particular sites of the body where the parasites prefer to enter
Mouth
Skin
Percutaneous
Inhalation
Secretions
Sexually transmitted
Portal of Entry
A. lumbricoides
T. trichuria
E. vermicularis
E. histolytica
G. lamblia
C. philippinensis
Mouth
Portal of Entry
N.americanus
A.duodenale
S.stercolaris
S.japonicum
Skin
Portal of Entry
Malarial parasites
Filarial worms
Leishmania
Trypanosomes
Percutaneous (passing through the skin)
Portal of Entry
S. Stercolaris
Ancylostoma spp
Secretions
Portal of Entry
E. vermicularis
Inhalation
& Mouth
Portal of Entry
T. Vaginalis
Sexually transmitted
Portal of Entry
Acanthamoeba
Contact and Penetration of Eyes
Portal of Entry
Kissing bug (Trypanosoma)
Mosquitoes (Plasmodium & Wuchereria)
Sand Fly (Leishmania)
Tsetse Fly (Trypanosoma)
Vector-borne
Portal of Entry
Ancylostoma
Necator
Schistosoma
Contact and Penetration of Skin
Portal of Entry
Acanthamoeba
Enterobius
Naegleria
Inhalation
Portal of Entry
Ascaris
Balantidium
Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora
Echinococcus
Entamoeba
Enterobius
Fasciola
Giardia
Taenia
Toxoplasma
Fecal-Oral or Ingestion
Portal of Entry
Entamoeba
Giardia
Trichomona
Sexual Contact
Where the parasite moves out (e.g. mouth or anus)
Portal of Exit
Parasitic Life Cycle
What are the 3 crucial components of a parasite’s life cycle?
- Mode of transmission
- Morphologic form that invades humans
- Forms that can be detected via lab retrieval methods
Parasitic Life Cycle
Some parasites that require only one definite host are called?
Monoxenous
Parasitic Life Cycle
Other parasites that require one or more intermediate host are called?
Heteroxenous
Parasitic Life Cycle
TOF. Parasites that require one or more definite host are heteroxenous
F (intermediate host, not definite)
Parasitic Life Cycle
TOF: Parasites that require only one intermediate host are monoxenous
F (definite host, not intermediate host)
Pathogenesis (identify the type)
Ascaris lumbricoides
Sarcoptes cabiei
Trauma/Physical Damage
Pathogenesis (identify the type)
E. histolytica
Balantidium
Lytic (liquefaction) necrosis
Pathogenesis (identify the type)
Schistosoma japonicum
Wuchereria bancrofti
Leishmania donovani
E. histolytica
Stimulation of host’s tissue reaction
Pathogenesis (identify the type)
Fasciolopsis buski
Ascaris lumbricoides
E. granulosus
Toxic/Allergic Response
Treatment Type
Treatment for protozoans?
Metronidazole
Treatment Type
Treatment for nematodes?
Mebendazole
Treatment Type
Treatment for platyhelminths (trematodes/cestodes)?
Praziquantel
Classification of Parasites (protozoa)
Protozoa are divided into 4 phyla, what are those?
- Sarcomastigophora
- Apicomplexa
- Ciliophora
- Microspora
Classification of Parasites (protozoa)
Sarcomastigophora are further divided into 2 sub-phyla, which are?
Sarcodina and Mastigophora
Classification of Parasites (protozoa)
This sub-phylum moves by pseudopodia (finger-like projections)
Sarcodina
Classification of Parasites (protozoa)
This sub-phylum moves by flagella (whip-like projections)
Mastigophora
Classification of Parasites (protozoa)
This phylum has no organelle for locomotion
Apicomplexa
Classification of Parasites (protozoa)
This phylum moves by cilia
Ciliophora
Classification of Parasites (protozoa)
This phylum is spore-forming
Microspora
Classification of Parasites (metazoa)
This phylum is aka roundworms, they appear round in cross-section, have body cavities, contain a straight alimentary canal, and have an anus
Nematodes
Classification of Parasites (metazoa)
This phylum is aka flatworms, are dorsoventrally flattened, have no body cavities, and if present, the alimentary canal is blind-ending
Platyhelminths
Classification of Parasites (metazoa)
Platyhelminths are further divided into 2 classes, which are?
Cestodes and Trematodes
Classification of Parasites (metazoa)
This class of platyhelminths are adult tapeworms found in the host’s intestines, that have a head (scolex) with sucking organs, a segmented body but no alimentary canal
Cestodes
Classification of Parasites (metazoa)
Each body segment of a cestode is what?
A hermaphrodite
Classification of Parasites (metazoa)
This class of platyhelminths are non-segmented and usually leaf-shaped, they have an alimentary canal and are usually hermaphroditic
Trematodes
Classification of Parasites (metazoa)
This exception in trematodes are thread-like and have separate sexes
Schistosomes
Classification of Parasites (metazoa)
Identify the phylum:
Ascaris (roundworm)
Trichuris (whipworm)
Ancylostoma (hookworm)
Necator (hookworm)
Enterobius (pinworm or threadworm)
Strongyloides
Nematodes
Classification of Parasites (metazoa)
Identify the phylum and class: Taenia (tapeworm)
Platyhelminth and Cestode
Classification of Parasites (metazoa)
Identify the phylum and class: Fasciolopsis (liver fluke) and Schistosoma
Platyhelminth and Trematode
TOF: All organisms have an infective stage, and all have the capability to produce a disease
F (not everything produces a disease)
Cyst or Trophozoite?
Dormant or non-motile form
Cyst
Cyst or Trophozoite?
Round in shape
Cyst
Cyst or Trophozoite?
Needs to be transferred by an infected person (transfer or infective form)
Cyst
Cyst or Trophozoite?
Is more resistant and can be preserved using chemical agents
Cyst
Cyst or Trophozoite?
Predominantly found in semi or formed stool
Cyst
Cyst or Trophozoite?
Encystation
Cyst (malamang)
Cyst or Trophozoite?
Vegetative/motile stage
Trophozoite
Cyst or Trophozoite?
Have a flagella/cilia
Trophozoite
Cyst or Trophozoite?
Responsible for pathogenicity (the pathogenic form)
Trophozoite
Cyst or Trophozoite?
Easily destroyed by adverse conditions
Trophozoite
Cyst or Trophozoite?
Predominantly found in watery stool
Trophozoite
Cyst or Trophozoite?
Excystation
Trophozoite
Some organisms only exist in trophozoite form but their infective form is called as?
Still, trophozoite
The process of turning a trophozoite into a cyst
Encystation
The process of turning a cyst into a trophozoite
Excystation
Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Deficiency or overabundance of food in the environment
Favors
Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Accumulation of excessive waste products of metabolism of the parasite or other associated organisms such as bacteria
Favors
Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Osmotic changes in the surrounding medium
Does not favor (that is for excystation)
Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Significant pH changes in the surrounding medium
Favors
Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Abundance of water or dessication (drying out) of the medium
Does not favor (loss of water)
Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Diminished or too much supply of CO2
Does not favor (oxygen)
Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Overpopulation
Favors
Identify if the factor favors EXCYSTATION:
Osmotic changes in the surrounding medium
Favors
Identify if the factor favors EXCYSTATION:
Enzymatic action of the enclosed organism on the outer surface of the cyst wall
Does not favor (inner surface)
Identify if the factor favors EXCYSTATION:
Favorable pressure of the environment
Does not favor (favorable pH)
Identify if the factor favors EXCYSTATION:
Enzymatic action of the host tissue to the parasite
Favors
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
For protein storage
Chromosomal Bodies
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
For sugar storage
Glycogen mass
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
A small opening in single-celled eukaryotes that allows waste to be ejected from the body; aka the anus
Cytopyge
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
Can be found with E. histolytica
Vesicular Nucleus
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
Bean-like, bluish or black when stained, and can only be found with Balantidium sp.
Compact Nucleus
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
Contains the organelles
Cytoplasm
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
Is released by the ectoplasm
Cyst wall
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
Is adjacent to the cyst wall; regulates the entry or exit of nutrients and other matter
Ectoplasm
Vesicular or Compact Nucleus?
Karyosome, chromatin granules, and scanty cytoplasm
Can be found with Acanthamoeba and Amoeba
Vesicular
Vesicular or Compact Nucleus?
No chromatin granules and karyosome
Compact
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
Part of the cytoplasm that is more granulated
Endoplasm
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
Part of the cytoplasm that is less granulated
Ectoplasm
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
What is the counterpart of the ectoplasm in trophozoites?
Plasma membrane
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
If the cytopyge is considered the anus, what is considered as the mouth?
Cytostome
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
This organelle is connected to the axoneme (microtubule) and has kinetoplast (DNA granule found in the mitochondria)
Flagella
Structure and Organelles of Protozoa
Hair-like projections
Cilia
