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Diagnostic Parasitology > (P) Lec 1: Introduction to Parasitology and Protozoology > Flashcards

(P) Lec 1: Introduction to Parasitology and Protozoology Flashcards

transes-based

1
Q

This does not kill the host but harms it severely within a prolonged duration

A

Parasite

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2
Q

An organism that depends on other organisms for its survival

A

Parasite

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3
Q

A phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another for shelter and food

A

Parasitology

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4
Q

A term used to describe how a parasite’s food source is other organisms

A

Heterotrophic

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5
Q

A term used to describe how organisms make their own food

A

Autotrophic

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6
Q

What differentiates parasitism from other predatory activities of non-parasites?

A

The intimate relationship between the 2 species + prolonged contact

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7
Q

Known as the study of parasites

A

Parasitology

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8
Q

TOF. Clinical Protozoology is primarily concerned with the animal parasites of humans and their medical significance as well as their importance in humans

A

F (clinical parasitology)

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9
Q

Refers to the study of protists (protozoa)

A

Protozoology

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10
Q

Parasites are generally ________ , which means that diseases can be transmitted from humans to animals and vice versa

A

Zoonotic

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11
Q

A term used to describe how parasites cause a disease

A

Parasitosis

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12
Q

An organism which harbors the parasite

A

Host

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13
Q

Is responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another

A

Vector

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14
Q

The number of NEW cases of infection in a population in any given period of time

A

Incidence

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15
Q

TOF. Predators derive their nutrition from already dead animals, either devouring those that died of natural causes or taking the leavings of a predator

A

F (scavengers)

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16
Q

TOF. Predation means the parasite may attack another living animal, consuming part or all of its body for nourishment, in the process frequently but not necessarily killing it

A

T

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17
Q

Means “living together” and the association of two living organisms

A

Symbiosis

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18
Q

Means “eating at the same table (latin)”; denotes an association that is beneficial to one partner and at least not disadvantageous (neutral) to the other

A

Commensalism

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19
Q

Entamoeba coli

A. Commensalism
B. Mutualism
C. Parasitism

A

A. Because E.coli thrive with the lactobacilli in the cecum (gut bacteria) but it is technically not harmless

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20
Q

Occurs when such associations are beneficial to both organisms which are different

A

Mutualism

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21
Q

A symbiotic relationship in which one animal, the parasite, lives at the expense of the other animal, the host—the relationship is detrimental

A. Commensalism
B. Mutualism
C. Parasitism

A

C

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22
Q

Type of parasite (based on habitat)

An organism that cannot survive in any other manner; it depends entirely on the host because without it, the parasite will die

A

Obligate parasite

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23
Q

Type of parasite (based on habitat)

They may exist in a free-living state or as a commensal and that, if opportunity presents itself, may become parasitic when the need arises

A

Facultative parasite

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24
Q

Type of parasite (based on habitat)

An attack on an unusual host

A

Accidental/Incidental

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25
Q

Type of parasite (based on habitat)

Free-living organisms in nature that are parasitic to others but not in human

A

Spurious

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26
Q

Type of parasite (based on habitat)

Ascaris lumbricoides in sheep (giant intestinal roundworm that comes from ingesting infected grass)

A

Accidental/Incidental

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27
Q

Type of parasite (based on habitat)

Filaria worms (elephantiasis)

A

Obligate (it cannot continue its life cycle without the intermediate host, mosquitoes, and definitive host, humans)

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28
Q

Type of parasite (based on habitat)

Entamoeba species and Naegleria fowleri (brain-eating amoeba)

A

Facultative parasite (lives in water fountains but can penetrate and thrive within a host)

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29
Q

Type of parasite (based on habitat)

Taenius saginata (tapeworms in cows)

A

Spurious (it will only pass through the GIT when ingested)

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30
Q

TOF: Taena solium (pork tapeworm) also passes through the GIT, same as the Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)

A

F (will lead to cysticercosis; causes lumps under the skin)

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31
Q

Based on Host

Predominantly found in animals such as crabs, fishes, and snails

A

Intermediate

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32
Q

Based on Host

Refers to the asexual phase:
> harbors the larval stage (primitive and infective form)
> usually involves small animals

A

Intermediate

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33
Q

Based on Host

Harbors the adult stage (mature form) of a parasite where it utilizes the sexual method of reproduction usually on humans

A

Definitive

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34
Q

Based on Host

Based on this exception, what is the intermediate and definitive host of malaria?

A

IH: Humans
DH: Mosquitoes

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35
Q

Based on Host

Mostly arthropods and mosquitoes

A

Definitive

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36
Q

TOF. Humans can serve as a definitive host for malaria

A

F (intermediate host, the definite hosts are the mosquitoes)

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37
Q

Based on Host

Harbors parasites which are parasitic and may be infectious to humans; mostly in animals

A

Reservoir

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38
Q

Based on Host

Freshwater crabs/prawns have cercaria (larvae) of this parasite which when eaten by wild boars, can be transferred to humans

A

Paragonimus westermani

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39
Q

Based on Host

The harboring host is not exhibiting any clinical symptoms but can infect others

A

Carrier

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40
Q

Based on Host

TOF: Carriers are mostly animals

A

F (humans)

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41
Q

Based on Host

The host remains viable without further development but may serve to bridge an ecological or trophic gap in a parasite’s life cycle

A

Paratenic

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42
Q

Based on Host

Not the usual or preferred host

A

Accidental

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43
Q

Based on Host

Responsible for transferring parasites from one location to another (it harbors the parasite’s underdeveloped stage)

A

Transport

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44
Q

Based on Host

Transports are also known as?

A

Vectors

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45
Q

Type of Transport

A phoretic vector; it lodges at the surface of the organism and there will be no development on the parasite (e.g. cockroaches and flies)

A

Mechanical transport

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46
Q

Type of Transport

The parasite is seen inside the organism as the parasite needs this organism for its development (e.g. mosquitoes, tsetse flies, and sandflies)

A

Biological

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47
Q

Based on Location

Results in infestations (infes = in the face of sir jerny); living outside the body; will not penetrate into the tissues (e.g. hair fleas)

A

Ectoparasite

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48
Q

Based on Location

Results in infections; living inside the body

A

Endoparasite

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49
Q

Based on Location

Lives in dead matter; lives in organic substances in the state of decomposition

A

Saprophytes (e.g. fungi)

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50
Q

Based on Location

These eat dead matter (e.g. scavengers)

A

Decomposers (different from saprophytes)

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51
Q

Refers to the process of inoculation

A

Exposure

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52
Q

Based on Exposure

These animal parasites are harmful, frequently causes local and systemic damage, and can enter through the mouth and nose

A

Pathogen

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53
Q

Based on Exposure

Period between infection and evidence of symptoms

A

Incubation

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54
Q

Based on Exposure

From the time it enters the body up to the time you can get it from the excreta or other fluids from the body

A

Pre-patent period

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55
Q

Based on Exposure

From the time it enters the body up to the time the human manifests symptoms

A

Clinical incubation period

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56
Q

Based on Infection

The infected person is his own direct source of exposure

A

Autoinfection

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57
Q

Based on Infection

When an individual harboring a parasite is re-infected with the same species of parasite

A

Superinfection

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58
Q

Based on Infection

Two infections simultaneously acquired

A

Co-infection

59
Q

Enumerate the portals of entry

Particular sites of the body where the parasites prefer to enter

A

Mouth
Skin
Percutaneous
Inhalation
Secretions
Sexually transmitted

60
Q

Portal of Entry

A. lumbricoides
T. trichuria
E. vermicularis
E. histolytica
G. lamblia
C. philippinensis

A

Mouth

61
Q

Portal of Entry

N.americanus
A.duodenale
S.stercolaris
S.japonicum

A

Skin

62
Q

Portal of Entry

Malarial parasites
Filarial worms
Leishmania
Trypanosomes

A

Percutaneous (passing through the skin)

63
Q

Portal of Entry

S. Stercolaris
Ancylostoma spp

A

Secretions

64
Q

Portal of Entry

E. vermicularis

A

Inhalation

& Mouth

65
Q

Portal of Entry

T. Vaginalis

A

Sexually transmitted

66
Q

Portal of Entry

Acanthamoeba

A

Contact and Penetration of Eyes

67
Q

Portal of Entry

Kissing bug (Trypanosoma)
Mosquitoes (Plasmodium & Wuchereria)
Sand Fly (Leishmania)
Tsetse Fly (Trypanosoma)

A

Vector-borne

68
Q

Portal of Entry

Ancylostoma
Necator
Schistosoma

A

Contact and Penetration of Skin

69
Q

Portal of Entry

Acanthamoeba
Enterobius
Naegleria

A

Inhalation

70
Q

Portal of Entry

Ascaris
Balantidium
Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora
Echinococcus
Entamoeba
Enterobius
Fasciola
Giardia
Taenia
Toxoplasma

A

Fecal-Oral or Ingestion

71
Q

Portal of Entry

Entamoeba
Giardia
Trichomona

A

Sexual Contact

72
Q

Where the parasite moves out (e.g. mouth or anus)

A

Portal of Exit

73
Q

Parasitic Life Cycle

What are the 3 crucial components of a parasite’s life cycle?

A
  1. Mode of transmission
  2. Morphologic form that invades humans
  3. Forms that can be detected via lab retrieval methods
74
Q

Parasitic Life Cycle

Some parasites that require only one definite host are called?

A

Monoxenous

75
Q

Parasitic Life Cycle

Other parasites that require one or more intermediate host are called?

A

Heteroxenous

76
Q

Parasitic Life Cycle

TOF. Parasites that require one or more definite host are heteroxenous

A

F (intermediate host, not definite)

77
Q

Parasitic Life Cycle

TOF: Parasites that require only one intermediate host are monoxenous

A

F (definite host, not intermediate host)

78
Q

Pathogenesis (identify the type)

Ascaris lumbricoides
Sarcoptes cabiei

A

Trauma/Physical Damage

79
Q

Pathogenesis (identify the type)

E. histolytica
Balantidium

A

Lytic (liquefaction) necrosis

80
Q

Pathogenesis (identify the type)

Schistosoma japonicum
Wuchereria bancrofti
Leishmania donovani
E. histolytica

A

Stimulation of host’s tissue reaction

81
Q

Pathogenesis (identify the type)

Fasciolopsis buski
Ascaris lumbricoides
E. granulosus

A

Toxic/Allergic Response

82
Q

Treatment Type

Treatment for protozoans?

A

Metronidazole

83
Q

Treatment Type

Treatment for nematodes?

A

Mebendazole

84
Q

Treatment Type

Treatment for platyhelminths (trematodes/cestodes)?

A

Praziquantel

85
Q

Classification of Parasites (protozoa)

Protozoa are divided into 4 phyla, what are those?

A
  1. Sarcomastigophora
  2. Apicomplexa
  3. Ciliophora
  4. Microspora
86
Q

Classification of Parasites (protozoa)

Sarcomastigophora are further divided into 2 sub-phyla, which are?

A

Sarcodina and Mastigophora

87
Q

Classification of Parasites (protozoa)

This sub-phylum moves by pseudopodia (finger-like projections)

A

Sarcodina

88
Q

Classification of Parasites (protozoa)

This sub-phylum moves by flagella (whip-like projections)

A

Mastigophora

89
Q

Classification of Parasites (protozoa)

This phylum has no organelle for locomotion

A

Apicomplexa

90
Q

Classification of Parasites (protozoa)

This phylum moves by cilia

A

Ciliophora

91
Q

Classification of Parasites (protozoa)

This phylum is spore-forming

A

Microspora

92
Q

Classification of Parasites (metazoa)

This phylum is aka roundworms, they appear round in cross-section, have body cavities, contain a straight alimentary canal, and have an anus

A

Nematodes

93
Q

Classification of Parasites (metazoa)

This phylum is aka flatworms, are dorsoventrally flattened, have no body cavities, and if present, the alimentary canal is blind-ending

A

Platyhelminths

94
Q

Classification of Parasites (metazoa)

Platyhelminths are further divided into 2 classes, which are?

A

Cestodes and Trematodes

95
Q

Classification of Parasites (metazoa)

This class of platyhelminths are adult tapeworms found in the host’s intestines, that have a head (scolex) with sucking organs, a segmented body but no alimentary canal

A

Cestodes

96
Q

Classification of Parasites (metazoa)

Each body segment of a cestode is what?

A

A hermaphrodite

97
Q

Classification of Parasites (metazoa)

This class of platyhelminths are non-segmented and usually leaf-shaped, they have an alimentary canal and are usually hermaphroditic

A

Trematodes

98
Q

Classification of Parasites (metazoa)

This exception in trematodes are thread-like and have separate sexes

A

Schistosomes

99
Q

Classification of Parasites (metazoa)

Identify the phylum:
Ascaris (roundworm)
Trichuris (whipworm)
Ancylostoma (hookworm)
Necator (hookworm)
Enterobius (pinworm or threadworm)
Strongyloides

A

Nematodes

100
Q

Classification of Parasites (metazoa)

Identify the phylum and class: Taenia (tapeworm)

A

Platyhelminth and Cestode

101
Q

Classification of Parasites (metazoa)

Identify the phylum and class: Fasciolopsis (liver fluke) and Schistosoma

A

Platyhelminth and Trematode

102
Q

TOF: All organisms have an infective stage, and all have the capability to produce a disease

A

F (not everything produces a disease)

103
Q

Cyst or Trophozoite?
Dormant or non-motile form

A

Cyst

104
Q

Cyst or Trophozoite?
Round in shape

A

Cyst

105
Q

Cyst or Trophozoite?
Needs to be transferred by an infected person (transfer or infective form)

A

Cyst

106
Q

Cyst or Trophozoite?
Is more resistant and can be preserved using chemical agents

A

Cyst

107
Q

Cyst or Trophozoite?
Predominantly found in semi or formed stool

A

Cyst

108
Q

Cyst or Trophozoite?
Encystation

A

Cyst (malamang)

109
Q

Cyst or Trophozoite?
Vegetative/motile stage

A

Trophozoite

110
Q

Cyst or Trophozoite?
Have a flagella/cilia

A

Trophozoite

111
Q

Cyst or Trophozoite?
Responsible for pathogenicity (the pathogenic form)

A

Trophozoite

112
Q

Cyst or Trophozoite?
Easily destroyed by adverse conditions

A

Trophozoite

113
Q

Cyst or Trophozoite?
Predominantly found in watery stool

A

Trophozoite

114
Q

Cyst or Trophozoite?
Excystation

A

Trophozoite

115
Q

Some organisms only exist in trophozoite form but their infective form is called as?

A

Still, trophozoite

116
Q

The process of turning a trophozoite into a cyst

A

Encystation

117
Q

The process of turning a cyst into a trophozoite

A

Excystation

118
Q

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Deficiency or overabundance of food in the environment

A

Favors

119
Q

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Accumulation of excessive waste products of metabolism of the parasite or other associated organisms such as bacteria

A

Favors

120
Q

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Osmotic changes in the surrounding medium

A

Does not favor (that is for excystation)

121
Q

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Significant pH changes in the surrounding medium

A

Favors

122
Q

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Abundance of water or dessication (drying out) of the medium

A

Does not favor (loss of water)

123
Q

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Diminished or too much supply of CO2

A

Does not favor (oxygen)

124
Q

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION:
Overpopulation

A

Favors

125
Q

Identify if the factor favors EXCYSTATION:
Osmotic changes in the surrounding medium

A

Favors

126
Q

Identify if the factor favors EXCYSTATION:
Enzymatic action of the enclosed organism on the outer surface of the cyst wall

A

Does not favor (inner surface)

127
Q

Identify if the factor favors EXCYSTATION:
Favorable pressure of the environment

A

Does not favor (favorable pH)

128
Q

Identify if the factor favors EXCYSTATION:
Enzymatic action of the host tissue to the parasite

A

Favors

129
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

For protein storage

A

Chromosomal Bodies

130
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

For sugar storage

A

Glycogen mass

131
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

A small opening in single-celled eukaryotes that allows waste to be ejected from the body; aka the anus

A

Cytopyge

132
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

Can be found with E. histolytica

A

Vesicular Nucleus

133
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

Bean-like, bluish or black when stained, and can only be found with Balantidium sp.

A

Compact Nucleus

134
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

Contains the organelles

A

Cytoplasm

135
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

Is released by the ectoplasm

A

Cyst wall

136
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

Is adjacent to the cyst wall; regulates the entry or exit of nutrients and other matter

A

Ectoplasm

137
Q

Vesicular or Compact Nucleus?

Karyosome, chromatin granules, and scanty cytoplasm

Can be found with Acanthamoeba and Amoeba

A

Vesicular

138
Q

Vesicular or Compact Nucleus?

No chromatin granules and karyosome

A

Compact

139
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

Part of the cytoplasm that is more granulated

A

Endoplasm

140
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

Part of the cytoplasm that is less granulated

A

Ectoplasm

141
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

What is the counterpart of the ectoplasm in trophozoites?

A

Plasma membrane

142
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

If the cytopyge is considered the anus, what is considered as the mouth?

A

Cytostome

143
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

This organelle is connected to the axoneme (microtubule) and has kinetoplast (DNA granule found in the mitochondria)

A

Flagella

144
Q

Structure and Organelles of Protozoa

Hair-like projections

A

Cilia

Diagnostic Parasitology (14 decks)

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