(P) Lec 1: Introduction to Parasitology and Protozoology Flashcards by ASHLEY JARED DEFENSOR

This does not kill the host but harms it severely within a prolonged duration

Parasite

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An organism that depends on other organisms for its survival

Parasite

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A phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another for shelter and food

Parasitology

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A term used to describe how a parasite’s food source is other organisms

Heterotrophic

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A term used to describe how organisms make their own food

Autotrophic

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What differentiates parasitism from other predatory activities of non-parasites?

The intimate relationship between the 2 species + prolonged contact

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Known as the study of parasites

Parasitology

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TOF. Clinical Protozoology is primarily concerned with the animal parasites of humans and their medical significance as well as their importance in humans

F (clinical parasitology)

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Refers to the study of protists (protozoa)

Protozoology

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Parasites are generally ________ , which means that diseases can be transmitted from humans to animals and vice versa

Zoonotic

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A term used to describe how parasites cause a disease

Parasitosis

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An organism which harbors the parasite

Host

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Is responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another

Vector

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The number of NEW cases of infection in a population in any given period of time

Incidence

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TOF. Predators derive their nutrition from already dead animals, either devouring those that died of natural causes or taking the leavings of a predator

F (scavengers)

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TOF. Predation means the parasite may attack another living animal, consuming part or all of its body for nourishment, in the process frequently but not necessarily killing it

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Means “living together” and the association of two living organisms

Symbiosis

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Means “eating at the same table (latin)”; denotes an association that is beneficial to one partner and at least not disadvantageous (neutral) to the other

Commensalism

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Entamoeba coli

A. Commensalism
B. Mutualism
C. Parasitism

A. Because E.coli thrive with the lactobacilli in the cecum (gut bacteria) but it is technically not harmless

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Occurs when such associations are beneficial to both organisms which are different

Mutualism

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A symbiotic relationship in which one animal, the parasite, lives at the expense of the other animal, the host—the relationship is detrimental

A. Commensalism
B. Mutualism
C. Parasitism

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Type of parasite (based on habitat)

An organism that cannot survive in any other manner; it depends entirely on the host because without it, the parasite will die

Obligate parasite

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Type of parasite (based on habitat)

They may exist in a free-living state or as a commensal and that, if opportunity presents itself, may become parasitic when the need arises

Facultative parasite

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Type of parasite (based on habitat)

An attack on an unusual host

Accidental/Incidental

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# Type of parasite (based on habitat) Free-living organisms in nature that are parasitic to others but not in human

Spurious

# Type of parasite (based on habitat) Ascaris lumbricoides in sheep (giant intestinal roundworm that comes from ingesting infected grass)

Accidental/Incidental

# Type of parasite (based on habitat) Filaria worms (elephantiasis)

Obligate (it cannot continue its life cycle without the intermediate host, mosquitoes, and definitive host, humans)

# Type of parasite (based on habitat) Entamoeba species and Naegleria fowleri (brain-eating amoeba)

Facultative parasite (lives in water fountains but can penetrate and thrive within a host)

# Type of parasite (based on habitat) Taenius saginata (tapeworms in cows)

Spurious (it will only pass through the GIT when ingested)

TOF: Taena solium (pork tapeworm) also passes through the GIT, same as the Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)

F (will lead to cysticercosis; causes lumps under the skin)

# Based on Host Predominantly found in animals such as crabs, fishes, and snails

Intermediate

# Based on Host Refers to the asexual phase: > harbors the larval stage (primitive and infective form) > usually involves small animals

Intermediate

# Based on Host Harbors the adult stage (mature form) of a parasite where it utilizes the sexual method of reproduction usually on humans

Definitive

# Based on Host Based on this exception, what is the intermediate and definitive host of malaria?

IH: Humans DH: Mosquitoes

# Based on Host Mostly arthropods and mosquitoes

Definitive

TOF. Humans can serve as a definitive host for malaria

F (intermediate host, the definite hosts are the mosquitoes)

# Based on Host Harbors parasites which are parasitic and may be infectious to humans; mostly in animals

Reservoir

# Based on Host Freshwater crabs/prawns have cercaria (larvae) of this parasite which when eaten by wild boars, can be transferred to humans

Paragonimus westermani

# Based on Host The harboring host is not exhibiting any clinical symptoms but can infect others

Carrier

# Based on Host TOF: Carriers are mostly animals

F (humans)

# Based on Host The host remains viable without further development but may serve to bridge an ecological or trophic gap in a parasite's life cycle

Paratenic

# Based on Host Not the usual or preferred host

Accidental

# Based on Host Responsible for transferring parasites from one location to another (it harbors the parasite's underdeveloped stage)

Transport

# Based on Host Transports are also known as?

Vectors

# Type of Transport A phoretic vector; it lodges at the surface of the organism and there will be no development on the parasite (e.g. cockroaches and flies)

Mechanical transport

# Type of Transport The parasite is seen inside the organism as the parasite needs this organism for its development (e.g. mosquitoes, tsetse flies, and sandflies)

Biological

# Based on Location Results in infestations (infes = in the face of sir jerny); living outside the body; will not penetrate into the tissues (e.g. hair fleas)

Ectoparasite

# Based on Location Results in infections; living inside the body

Endoparasite

# Based on Location Lives in dead matter; lives in organic substances in the state of decomposition

Saprophytes (e.g. fungi)

# Based on Location These eat dead matter (e.g. scavengers)

Decomposers (different from saprophytes)

Refers to the process of inoculation

Exposure

# Based on Exposure These animal parasites are harmful, frequently causes local and systemic damage, and can enter through the mouth and nose

Pathogen

# Based on Exposure Period between infection and evidence of symptoms

Incubation

# Based on Exposure From the time it enters the body up to the time you can get it from the excreta or other fluids from the body

Pre-patent period

# Based on Exposure From the time it enters the body up to the time the human manifests symptoms

Clinical incubation period

# Based on Infection The infected person is his own direct source of exposure

Autoinfection

# Based on Infection When an individual harboring a parasite is re-infected with the same species of parasite

Superinfection

# Based on Infection Two infections simultaneously acquired

Co-infection

# Enumerate the portals of entry Particular sites of the body where the parasites prefer to enter

Mouth Skin Percutaneous Inhalation Secretions Sexually transmitted

# Portal of Entry A. lumbricoides T. trichuria E. vermicularis E. histolytica G. lamblia C. philippinensis

Mouth

# Portal of Entry N.americanus A.duodenale S.stercolaris S.japonicum

Skin

# Portal of Entry Malarial parasites Filarial worms Leishmania Trypanosomes

Percutaneous (passing through the skin)

# Portal of Entry S. Stercolaris Ancylostoma spp

Secretions

# Portal of Entry E. vermicularis

Inhalation | & Mouth

# Portal of Entry T. Vaginalis

Sexually transmitted

# Portal of Entry Acanthamoeba

Contact and Penetration of Eyes

# Portal of Entry Kissing bug (Trypanosoma) Mosquitoes (Plasmodium & Wuchereria) Sand Fly (Leishmania) Tsetse Fly (Trypanosoma)

Vector-borne

# Portal of Entry Ancylostoma Necator Schistosoma

Contact and Penetration of Skin

# Portal of Entry Acanthamoeba Enterobius Naegleria

Inhalation

# Portal of Entry Ascaris Balantidium Cryptosporidium Cyclospora Echinococcus Entamoeba Enterobius Fasciola Giardia Taenia Toxoplasma

Fecal-Oral or Ingestion

# Portal of Entry Entamoeba Giardia Trichomona

Sexual Contact

Where the parasite moves out (e.g. mouth or anus)

Portal of Exit

# Parasitic Life Cycle What are the 3 crucial components of a parasite's life cycle?

1. Mode of transmission 2. Morphologic form that invades humans 3. Forms that can be detected via lab retrieval methods

# Parasitic Life Cycle Some parasites that require only one definite host are called?

Monoxenous

# Parasitic Life Cycle Other parasites that require one or more intermediate host are called?

Heteroxenous

# Parasitic Life Cycle TOF. Parasites that require one or more definite host are heteroxenous

F (intermediate host, not definite)

# Parasitic Life Cycle TOF: Parasites that require only one intermediate host are monoxenous

F (definite host, not intermediate host)

# Pathogenesis (identify the type) Ascaris lumbricoides Sarcoptes cabiei

Trauma/Physical Damage

# Pathogenesis (identify the type) E. histolytica Balantidium

Lytic (liquefaction) necrosis

# Pathogenesis (identify the type) Schistosoma japonicum Wuchereria bancrofti Leishmania donovani E. histolytica

Stimulation of host's tissue reaction

# Pathogenesis (identify the type) Fasciolopsis buski Ascaris lumbricoides E. granulosus

Toxic/Allergic Response

# Treatment Type Treatment for protozoans?

Metronidazole

# Treatment Type Treatment for nematodes?

Mebendazole

# Treatment Type Treatment for platyhelminths (trematodes/cestodes)?

Praziquantel

# Classification of Parasites (protozoa) Protozoa are divided into 4 phyla, what are those?

1. Sarcomastigophora 2. Apicomplexa 3. Ciliophora 4. Microspora

# Classification of Parasites (protozoa) Sarcomastigophora are further divided into 2 sub-phyla, which are?

Sarcodina and Mastigophora

# Classification of Parasites (protozoa) This sub-phylum moves by pseudopodia (finger-like projections)

Sarcodina

# Classification of Parasites (protozoa) This sub-phylum moves by flagella (whip-like projections)

Mastigophora

# Classification of Parasites (protozoa) This phylum has no organelle for locomotion

Apicomplexa

# Classification of Parasites (protozoa) This phylum moves by cilia

Ciliophora

# Classification of Parasites (protozoa) This phylum is spore-forming

Microspora

# Classification of Parasites (metazoa) This phylum is aka roundworms, they appear round in cross-section, have body cavities, contain a straight alimentary canal, and have an anus

Nematodes

# Classification of Parasites (metazoa) This phylum is aka flatworms, are dorsoventrally flattened, have no body cavities, and if present, the alimentary canal is blind-ending

Platyhelminths

# Classification of Parasites (metazoa) Platyhelminths are further divided into 2 classes, which are?

Cestodes and Trematodes

# Classification of Parasites (metazoa) This class of platyhelminths are adult tapeworms found in the host's intestines, that have a head (scolex) with sucking organs, a segmented body but no alimentary canal

Cestodes

# Classification of Parasites (metazoa) Each body segment of a cestode is what?

A hermaphrodite

# Classification of Parasites (metazoa) This class of platyhelminths are non-segmented and usually leaf-shaped, they have an alimentary canal and are usually hermaphroditic

Trematodes

# Classification of Parasites (metazoa) This exception in trematodes are thread-like and have separate sexes

Schistosomes

# Classification of Parasites (metazoa) Identify the phylum: Ascaris (roundworm) Trichuris (whipworm) Ancylostoma (hookworm) Necator (hookworm) Enterobius (pinworm or threadworm) Strongyloides

Nematodes

# Classification of Parasites (metazoa) Identify the phylum and class: Taenia (tapeworm)

Platyhelminth and Cestode

# Classification of Parasites (metazoa) Identify the phylum and class: Fasciolopsis (liver fluke) and Schistosoma

Platyhelminth and Trematode

TOF: All organisms have an infective stage, and all have the capability to produce a disease

F (not everything produces a disease)

Cyst or Trophozoite? Dormant or non-motile form

Cyst

Cyst or Trophozoite? Round in shape

Cyst

Cyst or Trophozoite? Needs to be transferred by an infected person (transfer or infective form)

Cyst

Cyst or Trophozoite? Is more resistant and can be preserved using chemical agents

Cyst

Cyst or Trophozoite? Predominantly found in semi or formed stool

Cyst

Cyst or Trophozoite? Encystation

Cyst (malamang)

Cyst or Trophozoite? Vegetative/motile stage

Trophozoite

Cyst or Trophozoite? Have a flagella/cilia

Trophozoite

Cyst or Trophozoite? Responsible for pathogenicity (the pathogenic form)

Trophozoite

Cyst or Trophozoite? Easily destroyed by adverse conditions

Trophozoite

Cyst or Trophozoite? Predominantly found in watery stool

Trophozoite

Cyst or Trophozoite? Excystation

Trophozoite

Some organisms only exist in trophozoite form but their infective form is called as?

Still, trophozoite

The process of turning a trophozoite into a cyst

Encystation

The process of turning a cyst into a trophozoite

Excystation

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION: Deficiency or overabundance of food in the environment

Favors

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION: Accumulation of excessive waste products of metabolism of the parasite or other associated organisms such as bacteria

Favors

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION: Osmotic changes in the surrounding medium

Does not favor (that is for excystation)

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION: Significant pH changes in the surrounding medium

Favors

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION: Abundance of water or dessication (drying out) of the medium

Does not favor (loss of water)

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION: Diminished or too much supply of CO2

Does not favor (oxygen)

Identify if the factor favors ENCYSTATION: Overpopulation

Favors

Identify if the factor favors EXCYSTATION: Osmotic changes in the surrounding medium

Favors

Identify if the factor favors EXCYSTATION: Enzymatic action of the enclosed organism on the outer surface of the cyst wall

Does not favor (inner surface)

Identify if the factor favors EXCYSTATION: Favorable pressure of the environment

Does not favor (favorable pH)

Identify if the factor favors EXCYSTATION: Enzymatic action of the host tissue to the parasite

Favors

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa For protein storage

Chromosomal Bodies

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa For sugar storage

Glycogen mass

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa A small opening in single-celled eukaryotes that allows waste to be ejected from the body; aka the anus

Cytopyge

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa Can be found with E. histolytica

Vesicular Nucleus

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa Bean-like, bluish or black when stained, and can only be found with Balantidium sp.

Compact Nucleus

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa Contains the organelles

Cytoplasm

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa Is released by the ectoplasm

Cyst wall

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa Is adjacent to the cyst wall; regulates the entry or exit of nutrients and other matter

Ectoplasm

# Vesicular or Compact Nucleus? Karyosome, chromatin granules, and scanty cytoplasm Can be found with Acanthamoeba and Amoeba

Vesicular

# Vesicular or Compact Nucleus? No chromatin granules and karyosome

Compact

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa Part of the cytoplasm that is more granulated

Endoplasm

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa Part of the cytoplasm that is less granulated

Ectoplasm

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa What is the counterpart of the ectoplasm in trophozoites?

Plasma membrane

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa If the cytopyge is considered the anus, what is considered as the mouth?

Cytostome

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa This organelle is connected to the axoneme (microtubule) and has kinetoplast (DNA granule found in the mitochondria)

Flagella

# Structure and Organelles of Protozoa Hair-like projections

Cilia

(P) Lec 1: Introduction to Parasitology and Protozoology Flashcards

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