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Diagnostic Parasitology > (M) Nematoda: Adenophorea (lecture-based) > Flashcards

(M) Nematoda: Adenophorea (lecture-based) Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum

A

Nemathelminthes

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2
Q

Class

A

Nematoda

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3
Q

Either parasitic or free-living are worms classified under Metazoa

A

HELMINTHES

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4
Q

Phyla

nematodes or roundworms

A

Nematoda

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5
Q

Phyla

hair-snakes or gorgiid worms

A

Nematomorpha

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6
Q

Phyla

trematodes (flukes), cestodes
(tapeworms), turbellaria

A

Platyhelminthes

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7
Q

Phyla

thorny-headed worms

A

Acanthocephala

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8
Q

Most of the medically important helminths are under the phylum?

A

Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

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9
Q

TOF. They are provided with structures serving digestive, excretory, nervous, integumentary, and
reproductive functions.

A

T

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10
Q

TOF. Species of phylum Platyhelminthes have separate sexes while Nematoda are mostly hermaphroditic.

A

F (opposite)

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11
Q

Cup like structures, which enable them to attach and
maintain their position in the host’s body

A

Suckers or acetabula

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12
Q

Among flukes and tapeworms, what glands secrete substances for the egg shell?

A

ootype and vitelline glands

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13
Q

How many eggs per day can Ascaris lumbricoides lay>

A

200,000

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14
Q

This are considered true roundworms

A

Nematodes

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15
Q

basis for the severity of the infection

A

number of parasites present

some infection, size of worm determines the extent

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16
Q

Majority of parasitic nematodes inhabits where?

A

intestinal tract of man

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17
Q

TOF. Worms that develop first in other sites before
reaching the final habitat are likely to produce more
pathologic damage.

A

T

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18
Q

the pattern of development

A

Egg - larva - adult

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19
Q

This can also occur with some nematodes like
Strongyloides stercoralis, and Enterobius vermiculari

response of the body

A

Autoinfection

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20
Q

Movement

A

body flexion

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21
Q

Body cavity is called

no mesothelial lining cells

A

pseudocele

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22
Q

This consists of a mouth, pharyngeal cavity, esophagus, intestine (foregut, midgut and hindgut), and rectum, which opens into the cloaca. Sperm cells are discharged through the cloaca.

A

digestive tract

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23
Q

Esophagus

long, slender, simple, and muscular, seen among Strongyloidea.

A

Filariform

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24
Q

Esophagus

muscular with three parts: proximal bulb, narrow isthmus, and distal body or corpus, as seen among free-living rhabditoids, parasitic oxyuroids, and free-living and non-infective strongyloids.

A

Rhabditiform

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25
Q

Esophagus

with muscular anterior and glandular posterior, seen in most of the spiruroidea and filaroidea

A

Spiruroid

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26
Q

Esophagus

long, slender embedded in a row of emboidal esophageal glandular cells (stichocytes), seen among trichinelloidea

A

Stichosoma

present in females

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27
Q

Esophagus

with short, muscular buccal structure
with a waist, seen among ancylostomatidae

A

Strongyliform

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28
Q

excretory system consists of

A

excretory gland cells, lateral canals, and excretory pore

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29
Q

situated at the mid-ventral portion
of the cephalic or cervical region

A

excretory pore

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30
Q

composed of fibers with dorsal, ventral, and lateral longitudinal trunks with transverse commissures

A

nervous system

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31
Q

nervous system is composed of fibers with dorsal, ventral, and lateral longitudinal trunks with transverse
commissures, whereby the most important is the???

MODIFIED

NERVE CENTER MO SIYA BEH

A

circumesophageal ring (around the esophagues)

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32
Q

TOF. Most part of nematodes’ existence is under aerobic condition thus, they have a respiratory- or circulatory structures.

A

F (anaerobic environment, no respi and circulatory)

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33
Q

Males of most species have curved tail end and are, usually, provided with special structures such

A

copulatory spicule or bursa

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34
Q

Male or Female repro

amoeboid instead of flagella type

A

Male

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35
Q

Male or Female repro

consist of testis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct, which open into the cloaca

A

Male

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36
Q

Male or Female repro

It may be single or double

A

female

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37
Q

Male or Female repro

They discharge eggs in the intestinal tract
and are evacuated with the feces to be deposited in the environment

A

Female (oviparous worms)

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38
Q

Male or Female repro

Embryonation may take place in the intestine and therefore, the feces of the human host may contain larval forms and/or embryonated eggs

A

Female

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39
Q

Among bursate nematodes, the perianal or caudal cuticle is extended into an umbrella-like structure called

A

bursa (male)

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40
Q
A
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41
Q

Species with a single female reproductive system

A

Trichinella spiralis, trichuris trichiura

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42
Q

Species with a double female reproductive system

A

Ascaris, enterobius and hookworms

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43
Q

Embryonated eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides or Trichuris
trichiura enter the body of man?

What MOT

A

oral route

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44
Q

Portal of Entry

Eggs of Enterobius vermicularis are usually

A

inahaled (nasal route) or to a lesser extent, may also be ingested (oral route).

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45
Q

Portal of Entry

The infective larval stages of hookworms or Strongyloides stercoralis enter the body through?

A

skin penetration

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46
Q

Portal of Entry

The infective stages of filaria worms enter the human body through?

A

percutaneous (skin) route via bites of insect vectors.

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47
Q

Portal of Entry

What INFECTIVE larval forms can pass through the placenta or mammary glands resulting to infection of the unborn baby

state the genus or species

A

Strongyloides stercoralis, Ancylostoma species, and Toxocara species,

basically, the order strongyloida, rhabditida and ascaridoidea

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48
Q

Transmission

non-essential, but advantageous
intermediate host

A

PARATHENESIS

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49
Q

Host

transport host (non-essential
intermediate host) is called

A

PARATHENIC HOST

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50
Q

All nematodes are provided with a pair of lateral, tiny, receptors called?

A

amphids or lateral organs

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51
Q

Nematodes without caudal glands have a pair of lateral post-anal glands called

A

caudal chemoreceptors

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52
Q

species with caudal chemoreceptors

A

SECERNENTEA (PHASMIDS)

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53
Q

species without caudal chemoreceptors

A

ADENOPHOREA (APHASMIDS)

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54
Q

Non-parasitic and free-living subclass

A

adenophorea

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55
Q

Order of adenophorea

A

Edenoplidia

56
Q

Superfamily of adenophorea

A

Trichuroidea

looking at it right now, it doesn’t make sense KASI MASYADO VAGYUE PLS DISREGARD - present asli

57
Q

Genus of trichuroidea

A

Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris trichiura, Capillaria philippinensis

58
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

AKA

A

Whipworm

59
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

TOF. Has a cosmopolitan distribution but more in cold, dry regions of the world

A

F (warm, moist)

60
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

Habitat

A

Anterior end embedded, the walls of the
cecum. The worm may also be located in the walls of the appendix, colon, or the lower part of the ileum.

61
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

TOF. Incidence is higher among adults than children.

A

F

62
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

Diagnosed coexisting w/?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

63
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

Eggs, deposited in moist, warm, and shaded soil,
embryonate for a period of about?

A

3 weeks

64
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

Infective stage

A

embryonate egg

65
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

Some of the factors that can damage the egg, except:
A. Direct sunlight
B. Fermentation
C. Desiccation
D. Marked changes in oxygen and moisture

A

B

All of that are correct except B

66
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

Manner of transmission

A

Man acquires the infection through ingestion of the embryonated eggs that contaminate foods, drinks, or fingers

67
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

Ingested eggs hatch where?

A

small intestine

68
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

After the hacth, where does the larvae enter?

A

crypts of the lower ileum and colon

69
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

TOF. The DEVELOPING LARVAE DO NOT, USUALLY, MOVE FROM THE ORIGINAL SITE of attachment until they mature into LARVAE

A

F (adult)

70
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

Maturation takes, approximately?

A

3 months

71
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

The adult worms copulate, and female lays eggs in the?

A

cecum

72
Q

PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura

Where is the anterior part of the worm embedded?

A

cecum

73
Q

PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura

Where is the posteior portion of the worm embedded?

A

not embedded, it’s lying free in the lumen for copulation and discharge of eggs

74
Q

PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura

TOF. MILD TO SEVERE INFECTION MAY BE
ASYMPTOMATIC for a long, long time. Patients,
developing diarrhea due to the parasite, may have
edematous and friable intestinal mucosa.

A

mild to moderate

75
Q

PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura

TOF. Occurence of anemia due to the amount of blood sucked by the parasites.

A

F (its due to blood loss from the friable mucosa)

76
Q

PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura

This is developed due to prolonged
massive infection

A

hypochromic anemia

77
Q

PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura

In severe infection, this may lead to?

A

rectal prolapse

78
Q

PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura

This produce no significant histologic changes at the attachment sites, except for minimal infiltration of?

A
  • plasma cells
  • eosinophilic
  • lymphocytes
  • charcot leyden crystals (severe)
79
Q

PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura

exudates from the colon is suggesting allergic response

A

Charcot leyden crystals

80
Q

PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura

In children, diffuse colitis results to

A

chronic diarrhea

Infection also results to chronic dysentery, abdominal cramps, and severe rectal tenesmus

81
Q

Laboratory diagnosis

A

DFS

82
Q

What can you demonstrate in DFS

A

Demonstration of eggs in concentrated feces or
identification of expelled adults

unembryonated (according sa lecture namin)

83
Q

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION: Trichuris trichiura

This can be given

A

Mebendazole or Albendazole

o Mebendazole is given as a first-line of treatment.
o Mebendazole (100 mg), 2x a day for 3 days

84
Q

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

Prevention

familiarize nalang

A

o Sanitary disposal of human feces
o Chemical treatment of human feces prior to use as
fertilizers
o Health education, especially the children, on sanitation and personal hygiene
o Control of insects and other animals that may mechanically transfer the infective eggs from the soil into foods or drinks

85
Q

Cosmopolitan distribution but is less important as an infection of man in the tropics and the Orient than it is in Europe and the United States

A

TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

86
Q

TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

AKA

A

Trichina worm or pork muscle round worm

87
Q

TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

Sources of infection to man

A

pigs and rats

88
Q

Gravid female inhabit?

A

walls of the lower part of the duodenum or the duodenojejunal junction (of man, rats and pigs)

89
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

What is deposited in the mucosa of small intestine?

A

L2 larvae

90
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

Where is the L2 larvae deposited?

A

small intestine

91
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

Where does the larvae encyst? (end-stage cycle in man)

A

glycogen poor tissues

Larvae enter the intestinal lymphatic, go to the peripheral
circulation, then to different parts of the body and lodged
in glycogen poor tissues to encyst (end-stage cycle
in man).

92
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

Where are glycogen poor tissues located?

A

in constantly active muscles (used to be) like the myocardium, respiratory, and skeletal muscles

93
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

Infective stage

A

Encysted larva

present in raw or uncooked pork

94
Q

LIFE CYCLE: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

MOT

A

Ingestion of the infective stage present in inadequately cooked pork.

95
Q

PATHOLOGY: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

causes localized inflammation and necrosis of muscle tissues.

A

trichinosis

96
Q

PATHOLOGY: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

Common sites

A

diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and other tissues that
are constantly active

97
Q

PATHOLOGY: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

Destruction and absorption of host tissues and larvae cause?

A

Generalized toxemia

98
Q

PATHOLOGY: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

Numerous encysted larvae can cause widening of the gaps between muscle fibers resulting to?

A

pseudohypertrophy of muscles

99
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

This stage shows with epigastric abdominal pain,
vomiting, nausea, and/or diarrhea.

A

Invasion

100
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

This stage shows fever, myalgia, edema around
the eyes, and tiny hemorrhages underneath the nails

A

larva migration

101
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

This stage shows muscle pains, fever

A

encystation

102
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

This stage shows generalized edema due to toxemia, muscle pains, fever, and mental apathy

A

tissue repair and recovery

103
Q

Laboratory diagnosis: Trichinella spiralis

Enumarate (2)

A

Biopsy and serologic test

104
Q

Laboratory diagnosis: Trichinella spiralis

Fresh muscle biopsy material maybe pressed
between two slides after digestion method to
demonstrate the?

A

unstained larvae.

105
Q

Laboratory diagnosis: Trichinella spiralis

The biopsy of fresh muscle is based on demonstration of ?

A

encysted larvae

106
Q

Laboratory diagnosis: Trichinella spiralis

Which serologic tests does not belong:
A. ELISA
B. Precipitation
C. Complement fixation
D. Bentonite flocculation test
E. Bachmann intradermal test

A

A

107
Q

TREAMENT AND PREVENTION: Trichinella spiralis

TOF. Trichinosis usually is self-limiting within a few months.

A

T

108
Q

TREAMENT AND PREVENTION: Trichinella spiralis

The first line of treatment is?

A
  • THIABENDAZOLE,
  • ALBENDAZOLE OR MEBENDAZOLE (same as T. trichiura)
109
Q

TREAMENT AND PREVENTION: Trichinella spiralis

may be given in cases of allergic reactions when the larvae enter muscle tissue or when dead since larvae release chemicals in the muscle tissue.

A

Corticosteroids

110
Q

TREAMENT AND PREVENTION: Trichinella spiralis

This is given to inhibit severity and protect myocardium and CNS.

A

ACTH

hormone produced by the pituitary gland in the brain

111
Q
  • reached epidemic proportions during the years 1967 to 1970 and declined thereafter.
  • It also occurs on some islands of Leyte and some parts of Thailand.
  • There were some reported cases also from Taiwan, Japan, Egypt, and Iran.
A

Capillaria philippinensis or Capillariasis

112
Q

CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

AKA

A

pudok’s worm

causing the so called Pudok’s disease or Mystery disease.

113
Q

CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

Intermediate hosts

A

fish

Philippines:
o Hypseleotris bipartite
o Ambassis miops
o Eliotris melanosome
o Bagsang (source of human intestinal Capillariasis)
o Bagsit
o Birut

114
Q

CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

source of human intestinal Capillariasis

A

Bagsang

115
Q

CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

first proven case of human infection was in 1963, in a male patient from

A

Ilocos Norte, Philippines

116
Q

CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

What was the first case diagnosis?

A

died with a diagnosis of malabsorption syndrome

117
Q

LIFE CYCLE: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

Inhabit (adult worms)

A

Mucosa of the small intestine, mainly jejunum

118
Q

LIFE CYCLE: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

Female worms are considered

A

BOTH LARVIPAROUS AND OVIPAROUS

119
Q

LIFE CYCLE: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

Where does embryonation takes place?

A

bodies of water

120
Q

LIFE CYCLE: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

this locally known fishes ingest the embryonated eggs, larvae are liberated, and encyst in the flesh of the fish

A

bagsang, bagsit and birut

121
Q

LIFE CYCLE: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

Fishes, locally known as BAGSANG, BAGSIT, AND
BIRUT, ingest the embryonated eggs, larvae are liberated, and encyst in the flesh of the fish that later become?

A

L3 (larvae)

filariform beh

INFECTIVE STAGE TO MAN

122
Q

PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

causes severe enteropathy characterized with?

A

massive loss of water and electrolytes

leads to malabsorption

123
Q

PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

This leak into the intestinal tract

A

plasma proteins

124
Q

PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

Patients may manifest with gurgling sounds of the abdomen called ?

A

borborygmi

125
Q

PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

Patients may manifest with gurgling sounds of the
abdomen called borborygmi due to?

A

massive peristalsis

126
Q

PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

The infection presents chronic diarrhea and
borborygmus, which is described as voluminous,
sprue-like stools up to 8x amounting to how many liters per day?

A

2L daily

127
Q

PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

Most of the adult worms, larvae and eggs are located between the?

A

mucosa and basement membrane of the
intestinal glands

128
Q

PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

What are the inflammatory cells around the parasites

A

NONE

you just got Jerny-ed

No inflammatory cells around the parasites

129
Q

PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

Death may occur until when?

A

2 weeks to 2 months

OoO

due to pneumonia, heart failure, hypokalemia, and cerebral edema

130
Q

Diagnosis: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

Enumerate

A
  • DFS
  • Intestinal bipsy
  • no serologic tests
131
Q

DIAGNOSIS: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

DFS and intestinal biopsy demonstrate?

A

adult worms, larvae, and eggs

typical stage found in DFS is the egg and in
severe infections the larvae and adult worm

132
Q

DIAGNOSIS: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

Serologic tests

A

NONE

133
Q

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

Treatment

A

Mebendazole and Albendazole (same with the last 2 sp.)

134
Q

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

Mebendazole dosage

A

200 mg twice a day for 20 days to 30 days or until asymptomatic and there are no eggs present in the stool samples of the patient

135
Q

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

Albendazole dosage

A

400 mg, can be given once a day for 10 days

Diagnostic Parasitology (33 decks)

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