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NPTE Exam > Other Systems: Study Set 1 > Flashcards

Other Systems: Study Set 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ in the body

A

the skin

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2
Q

what are the layers of the skin from superficial to deep

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. Subcutaneous
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3
Q

True or False:

The epidermis is avascular

A

true

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4
Q

True or false:

The dermis is avascular

A

False

The epidermis is avascular

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5
Q

What are the key functions of the integumentary system

A

protection
sensation
thermoregulation
excretion of sweat
vitamin D synthesis

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6
Q

What are the phases of normal wound healing and how long do they last

A
  1. Inflammatory phase: 1-10 days
  2. Proliferative phase: 3-21 days
  3. Maturation phase: 7 days to 2 years
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7
Q

Name the phase of normal wound healing

Hemostasis is rapidly re-established through platelet activation and the clotting cascade. Necrotic tissue and bacterial debris are killed by mast cells, neutrophils, and leukocytes. Epithelization occurs within 24 hours.

A

Inflammatory phase

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8
Q

Which cells are involved in killing bacteria, necrotic tissue, and debris in the inflammatory phase of normal wound healing

A

neutrophils, leukocytes, and mast cells

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9
Q

Which phase of normal wound healing does epithelialization occur in

A

inflammatory phase

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10
Q

What happens during the inflammatory phase of normal wound healing

A

Hemostasis is rapidly re-established through platelet activation and the clotting cascade. Necrotic tissue and bacterial debris are killed by mast cells, neutrophils, and leukocytes. Epithelization occurs within 24 hours.

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11
Q

Name the phase of normal wound healing:

Capillary buds and granulation tissue begin to fill the wound bed. Keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts form the collagen matrix. Skin integrity is restored

A

Proliferative phase

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12
Q

Which cells are involved in forming the collagen matrix to restore skin integrity during the proliferative phase of normal wound healing

A

Fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells

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13
Q

Which phase is skin integrity restored during normal wound healing

A

proliferative phase

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14
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase of normal wound healing

A

Capillary buds and granulation tissue begin to fill the wound bed. Keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts form the collagen matrix. Skin integrity is restored

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15
Q

Name the phase of normal wound healing

Granulation tissue and epithelial differentiation appear in the wound bed and through fiber reorganization and contractions, the scar from the wound starts to shrink

A

maturation or remodeling phase

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16
Q

What percentage of pre-injury tensile strength does newly repaired tissue have

A

15%

Overtime it will reach 80% of pre-injury tensile strength

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17
Q

True or False:

Hypertrophic scarring does not affect the maturation phase of normal wound healing

A

False, it greatly impacts it. Especially burn scars

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18
Q

A burn scare without hypertrophic scarring will heal in ___-___ weeks.

A burn with hypertrophic scarring may heal up to ____ years

A

4-8 weeks

2 years

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19
Q

Which of the following exerts its primary influence on the hair follicles?

arrector pili muscles
Meissner’s glands
melanocytes
sebaceous glands

A

Arrector pili muscles

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20
Q

Which structure in the epidermis serves as a barrier against fluid, electrolyte, and chemical loss?

basal cells
Langerhans cells
keratinocytes
stratum corneum

A

stratum corneum

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21
Q

What is the proper order of skin layers from superficial to deep?

epidermis, papillary dermis, reticular dermis, subcutaneous
epidermis, reticular dermis, papillary dermis, subcutaneous
reticular dermis, papillary dermis, epidermis, subcutaneous
epidermis, subcutaneous, papillary dermis, reticular dermis

A

epidermis, papillary dermis, reticular dermis, subcutaneous

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22
Q

Which layer of the skin contains melanocytes?

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
subcutaneous

A

epidermis

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23
Q

What type of gland helps to protect the skin by producing sebum?

apocrine sweat gland
sebaceous gland
ceruminous gland
mammary gland

A

sebeaceous gland

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24
Q

Which of the following inflammatory mediators is responsible for causing pain in an acute wound?

histamine
prostaglandins
phagocytes
renin

A

prostaglandins

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25
The process by which epithelial cells die and produce a protective outer layer is called: epithelialization keratinization granulation necrotizing
keratinization
26
Label A, B, and C
A = Hair shaft B = Sweat Gland C = Basal Layer of epidermis
27
Label D, E, and F
D = Sebaceous gland E= Arrector pilli muscle F = Hair follicle
28
Label G and H
G = Hair root H = Sweat gland
29
What are the four types of burns?
Thermal Radiation Chemical Electrical
30
Which type of burn occurs by conduction or convection?
Thermal
31
Which type of burn occurs through direct contact with a hot liquid, fire, or steam
thermal
32
Which type of burn occurs when an electric current runs through the body
electrical
33
Which type of burn typically has an enter and exit wound
electrical
34
Which type of burn would a lightning strike be
electrical
35
Which type of burn occurs when chemical compounds come intact with the body
chemical
36
Which type of burn occurs by external mean radiation therapy
radiation
37
What are the three zones of injury in regards to burns
1. Coagulation zone 2. Stasis zone 3. Hyperemia zone
38
Describe the coagulation zone of a burn injury
The coagulation zone is the area of the most severe injury with irreversible damage
39
Describe the stasis zone of a burn injury
The stasis zone surrounds the coagulation zone in which the damage is reversible
40
Describe the hyperemia zone of a burn injury
The hyperemia zone is a zone of inflammation in which the damage will fully recover without intervention or permanent damage
41
During iontophoresis, if a burn is going to occur, it is more likely to occur under the (positive/negative) electrode
negative
42
What are the 5 burn classifications
1. Superficial 2. Superficial partial thickness 3. Superficial deep thickness 4. Full-thickness 5. Subdermal
43
Describe what a superficial burn looks like and the expected healing time
A superficial burn only affects the epidermis It will be red, slight edema but will not scar Healing will take 2-5 days
44
Describe what a superficial partial thickness burn looks like and the expected healing time
A superficial partial thickness damages the epidermis and the upper portion of the dermis. This is extremely painful with blisters but no scarring Healing will take 5-21 days
45
Describe what a deep partial thickness burn looks like and the expected healing time
A deep partial thickness burn damage the epidermis and the majority of the of the dermis. This will create moderate pain with blistering and discoloration. Scarring will occur Healing will take 21-35 days
46
Describe what a full-thickness burn looks like and the expected healing time
A full-thickness burn damages the epidermis and all of the dermis into the subcutaneous layer. This will create minimal pain with eschar A skin graft will be needed Healing will take weeks to months depending on the size
47
Describe what a sub-dermal burn looks like and the expected healing time
A sub-dermal burn damages the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer and into the muscle/bone This requires surgical intervention Healing will take extensive time.
48
There are two types of wound debridement: Selective and non-selective. What are the three types of selective wound debridement
1. Autolytic 2. Enzymatic 3. Sharp
49
There are two types of wound debridement: Selective and non-selective. What are the three types of non-selective wound debridement
1. Wet to dry 2. Wound irrigation 3. Hydrotherapy
50
Which type of wound debridement uses scissors, scalpel, or forceps to remove large amounts of thick necrotic tissue
sharp debridement
51
Which type of wound debridement is used to apply a topical enzyme to prepare the necrotic tissue and is used if autolytic debridement is not working
enzymatic
52
Which type of wound debridement is used in order to aid the body's natural healing process
autolytic
53
Which type of wound debridement is used by putting a wet gauze over necrotic tissue so that the tissue adheres to the gauze and can be pulled off
wet to dry
54
Which type of wound debridement uses pressurized fluid on loose or infected wounds?
Wound irrigation/pulse lavage
55
Which type of wound debridement uses a whirlpool to soften and loosen necrotic tissue
whirlpool
56
True or False: The rule of nines accounts for the level of severity a burn is
false, it accounts for the percentage of body affected by a burn not severity
57
Describe healing by primary intention
Clean smooth edges reapproximated by sutures or staples that leave little to no scarring. Blisters or abrasions heal by primary intention within seventy two hours
58
Describe healing by secondary intention
Wounds with tissue loss that cannot be reapproximated, so granulation tissue fills in the wound bed with wound closure and scar formation. Typically a result of diabetes or pressure damage that will leave a bigger scar than primary intention
59
Describe healing by tertiary intention
Also referred to as delayed primary intention healing. The wound may be left open due to its high risk of developing infection/sepsis. Once the risk of infection is gone, the wound is closed by primary intention.
60
How does age play a factor in wound healing
as we age, the epidermis gets thinner and puts the patient at higher risk for friction/pressure injuries. Metabolism is slowed which is correlated to decreased wound healing
61
How does edema play a factor in wound healing
Excessive edema increases tissue pressure which then decreases availability of oxygen and nutrients that are necessary for wound healing
62
How does infection play a factor in wound healing
Infectious bacteria compete with the body's own cells for available nutrients. Bacteria can release toxins that can cause further damage to the body
63
How does lifestyle and medication play a factor in wound healing
Regular physical activity and nutrition facilitate wound healing. Some meds have side effects that suppress the immune system which alters the wound healing process
64
How does obesity play a factor in wound healing
Poor periwound skin quality is susceptible to fissuring which increases the risk of infection. Increased skin tension heightens the risk of skin tears and limits options for approximation. Skin folds create moist, warm, environments that can lead to maceration and bacteria growth
65
(contamination/colonization/infection) is the presence of non-replicating bacteria on a wound surface that causes no additional tissue injury and does not stimulate an inflammatory immune response
contamination
66
(contamination/colonization/infection) is the presence of replicating bacteria on a wound surface that does not invade or further injure tissues and does not stimulate an inflammatory immune response. This process can delay wound healing, however bacteria in this stage occasionally benefit wound healing by preventing more virulent organisms from proliferating in the wound bed.
colonization
67
(contamination/colonization/infection) The presence of replicating bacteria that invades viable tissue beyond the wound surface causing a visible inflammatory immune response. Infection will significantly delay wound healing and, if untreated, can progress to sepsis, osteomyelitis, and gangrene
infection
68
What are the nine bony prominences that are associated with pressure injuries if a patient is in supine for too long?
occiput spine of scapula inferior angle of scap verterbral spinous processes medial epicondyle of humerus posterior iliac crest scrum coccyx heel
69
What are the seven bony prominences that are associated with pressure injuries if a patient is in prone for too long
forehead anterior portion of acromion process anterior head of humerus sternum ASIS patella dorsum
70
What are the eight prominences that are associated with pressure injuries if a patient is in sidelying for too long
ears lateral portion of acromion process lateral head of humerus lateral epicondyle of humerus greater trochanter head of fibula lateral malleolus medial malleolus
71
What are the three bony prominences that are associated with pressure injuries if a patient is sitting in a chair for too long
spine of scap vertebral spinous process ischial tuberosity
72
What is an abrasion wound
A wound caused by a combination of friction and shear forces
73
What is an avulsion wound
a serious wound resulting from tension that causes skin to become detached from underlying structures
74
If a patient has an arterial insufficiency ulcer, they should (rest/exercise) avoid leg (elevation/depression) avoid (cold/heat)
rest avoid leg elevation avoid heat
75
arterial/venous insufficiency wounds are a result secondary to inadequate circulation
venous
76
arterial/venous insufficiency wounds are a result secondary to inadequate circulation of oxygenated blood
arteial
77
arterial/venous insufficiency wounds are a result secondary to inadequate circulation of oxygenated blood
arterial
78
If a patient has an venous insufficiency ulcer, they should (avoid/use) compression avoid leg (elevation/depression) (exercise/rest)
use compression to control edema should elevate legs above heart when resting/sleeping exercise
79
Describe the following characteristics of a lower extremity arterial insufficiency ulcer Location Appearance Exudate Pain Pedal Pulses Edema Skin Temp Tissue Changes Leg elevation increasing or decreasing px
Location - Lower 1/3 of leg, distal toes, dorsal foot, lateral malleoli Appearance - smooth edges, deep, well defined Exudate - minimal Pain - severe Pedal Pulses - diminished or present Edema - normal Skin Temp - decreased Tissue Changes - thin and shiny, hair loss, yellow nails Leg elevation increasing or decreasing px - elevation increasing px
80
Describe the following characteristics of a lower extremity venous insufficiency ulcer Location Appearance Exudate Pain Pedal Pulses Edema Skin Temp Tissue Changes Leg elevation increasing or decreasing px
Location - proximal to medial malleolus Appearance - irregular shape, shallow Exudate - moderate/heavy Pain - moderate Pedal Pulses - normal Edema - increased Skin Temp - normal Tissue Changes - flaking dry skin, brownish discoloration Leg elevation increasing or decreasing px - elevation decreases px
81
Describe the following characteristics of a lower extremity neuropathic ulcer Location Appearance Exudate Pain Pedal Pulses Edema Skin Temp Tissue Changes Leg elevation increasing or decreasing px
Location - areas of the foot susceptible to pressure Appearance - oval or circle, callused rim, no necrosis with good granulation Exudate -low/moderate Pain - none Pedal Pulses - decreased or absent, unreliable ABI Edema - normal Skin Temp - decreased Tissue Changes - dry, inelastic, shiny, decreased sweat production Leg elevation increasing or decreasing px - elevation creates a loss of protective sensation
82
Define the following superficial wound partial thickness wound full thickness wound subcutaneous wound
superficial - trauma to the epidermis but not through the epidermis partial - trauma to the epidermis and down to the dermis, but not through the dermis full thickness - trauma through the dermis and into subcutaneous tissue subcutaneous tissue - trauma down to the muscle/bone

NPTE Exam (54 decks)

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