Cardiopulmonary: Study Set 3

Question 1

What are absolute indications to terminate an exercise stress test.

Answer 1

drop in SBP greater than ten mm Hg
mod angina - 3 on a scale of 4
increasing ataxia, dizziness, etc.
signs of cyanosis or pallor
sustained ventricular tachycardia - fast HR

Question 2

how long is a normal PR interval

Answer 2

.12 to .2

Question 3

what is a normal QRS interval

Answer 3

.O6 to .1O

Question 4

What does homan’s sign testing for and how do you perform it

Answer 4

DVT
passively DF the foot at the ankle with the knee straight

Question 5

What are the two major principles of exercise training that are applied to aerobic exercise training

Answer 5

overload principle and specificity
overload - a tissue must be exposed to a stress or load greater than normal to improve its function
specificity - long term adaptations to the metabolic and physiologic systems derived from exercise are specific to the exercises performed and the muscles involved.

Question 6

What are the two methods of determining the level of intensity to set aerobic exercise training

Answer 6

Taking the upper and lower limits of
HR max and
HR reserve or Karvonen formula

Question 7

What is the formula of finding the upper and lower limits of HR max

Answer 7

HRmax x 55% and HRmax x 90%

Question 7

What is the formula for finding the upper and lower limits for HR reserve

Answer 7

[(HRmax - HR rest) x 40%] + HR rest
[(HRmax - HR rest) x 85%] + HR rest

Question 7

True or False

When it comes to prescribing aerobic exercise, the intensity is dependent on the duration.

Answer 7

FALSE

the duration is dependent on the intensity.

Question 8

how long should low intensity exercise be done for

Answer 8

greater than thirty minutes

Question 9

how long should high intensity exercise be done for

Answer 9

twenty minutes or longer.

Question 10

what intensity and duration for aerobic exercise is recommended for adults not competing in athletic competition

Answer 10

moderate intensity over longer duration.

Question 11

How frequent should someone participate in aerobic exercise

Answer 11

3-5 times a week

Question 12

What are normal cardiorespiratory responses to acute aerobic exercise

Answer 12

increase in blood flow and RR and tidal volume
linear increase in SBP with workload - 8 to 10 mmHg per MET
no change or moderate decrease in DBP

Question 13

True or False

A stronger pulse will be felt when there is increased stroke volume

Answer 13

true

Question 14

what fingers are used to asses peripheral arterial pulses

Answer 14

index or middle finger

Question 15

How long should you count pulses when palpating peripheral arterial pulses in someone with regular rhythms and irregular rhythms

Answer 15

regular - count for 15 sec and multiply by four
irregular - count for sixty seconds

Question 16

Where should you palpate to find the carotid pulse

Answer 16

the medial aspect of the SCM in the lower half of the neck

Question 17

Where should you palpate to find the brachial pulse

Answer 17

medial to the biceps tendon and lateral to the medial epicondyle of the humerus

Question 18

Where should you palpate to find the radial pulse

Answer 18

at the wrist lateral to the flexor carpi radialis tendon

Question 19

Where should you palpate to find the ulnar pulse

Answer 19

at the wrist, between the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris tendons

Question 20

Where should you palpate to find the femoral pulse

Answer 20

in the upper thigh, one third of the distance from the pubis to the anterior superior iliac crest

Question 21

Where should you palpate to find the popliteal pulse

Answer 21

in the popliteal space of the posterior knee

Question 22

Where should you palpate to find the posterior tibial pulse

Answer 22

in the space between the medial malleolus and the achilles tendon, above the calcaneus

Question 23

Where should you palpate to find the Dorsalis pedis

Answer 23

Near the center of the long axis of the foot between the first and second metatarsal bones

Question 24

What are the normal heart rates of 1. an infant 2. a child 3. adult 4. bradycardia 5. tachycardia

Answer 24

1. an infant - 100 to 130 2. a child - 80 to 100 3. adult - 60 to 100 4. bradycardia - less than 60 5. tachycardia - more than 100

Question 25

How would you grade the volume or amplitude of pulses

Answer 25

3+ for large or bounding pulses 2+ for normal 1+ small or reduced pulses 0 for absent pulses

Question 26

if a PT wanted to auscultate the aortic valve, where would they place the stethoscope

Answer 26

2nd intercostal space at the right sternal border

Question 27

if a PT wanted to auscultate the pulmonic valve, where would they place the stethoscope

Answer 27

2nd intercostal space at the left sternal border

Question 28

if a PT wanted to auscultate the mitral valve, where would they place the stethoscope

Answer 28

5th intercostal space medial to the left midclavicular line

Question 29

if a PT wanted to auscultate the tricuspid valve, where would they place the stethoscope

Answer 29

4th intercostal space at the left sternal border

Question 30

what heart valves close to produce S1

Answer 30

mitral and tricuspid

Question 31

what do s1 heart sounds sound like

Answer 31

high frequency sound with lower pitch and longer duration

Question 32

what do s2 heart sounds sound like

Answer 32

high frequency sound with higher pitch and shorter duration

Question 33

what heart valves close to produce S2 heart sounds

Answer 33

aortic and pulmonary

Question 34

S3 heart sounds are known as (atrial/ventricular) gallop and S4 heart sounds are known as (atrial/ventricular)

Answer 34

S3 are ventricular S4 are aortic

Question 35

True or false s3 heart sounds are normal in children but are abnormal in adults and is associated with heart failure.

Answer 35

true

Question 36

True or false heart murmurs are longer in duration than the heart sounds

Answer 36

true

Question 37

What is an atherectomy

Answer 37

a surgical procedure similar to a balloon angioplasty except it has a rotating shaver to cute away plaque from the artery and increase blood flow

Question 38

what is an automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator -AICD

Answer 38

another version of a pacemaker

Question 39

what is a balloon angioplasty

Answer 39

inserting a balloon tipped catheter into an artery to expand is and decrease plaque build up

Question 40

what is a balloon valvuloplasty

Answer 40

this is like a balloon angioplasty except its for the walls of stenotic heart valves

Question 41

what is a cardiac ablation

Answer 41

this is a sx procedure that uses chemicals or radio frequencies to burn off areas of the myocardium that have been causing cardiac arrhythmias

Question 42

What type of cardiac arrhythmia are cardiac ablation used for

Answer 42

tachycardia in which medicine isn't helping or in wolff parkinson white syndrome

Question 43

What is a cardioversion

Answer 43

electrical shocks are given through a diffibrillator and electrodes on the chest to restore normal heart rhythm for tachyarrhythmias

Question 44

What is enhanced extracorporeal counterpulsation - EECP

Answer 44

pressure cuffs around the ankles are inflated to compress the veins and arteries with venous return to the heart

Question 45

What is a VAD or ventricular assist device

Answer 45

a pump is placed in the chest to provide mechanical support to the ventricle. Typically used while a pt is waiting for a heart transplant or is permanently used for those with heart failure.

Question 46

What is a bullae and what is a bullectomy

Answer 46

a bullae is a large air space that is created after alveoli are destroyed secondary to emphysema. a bullectomy remove the bullae and improve breathing

Question 47

what is lobectomy

Answer 47

removal of a lob of one lung

Question 48

What pt conditions are at the top of the list to receive a lung transplant

Answer 48

end stage COPD cystic fibrosis or pulmonary fibrosis other serious lung diseases with no serious comorbidities

Question 49

What is a lung volume reduction surgery

Answer 49

a sx procedure in which a portion of the lung is removed after it has been damaged by emphysema. this helps create space for the rest of the diaphragm to work more efficiently

Question 50

When is oxygen therapy indicated

Answer 50

In patients with oxygen saturation less than 88% or with a PaO2 of 55mmHg or less