Neuromuscular Review Questions #3 Flashcards
Which finding is not consistent with the typical clinical presentation of Down syndrome?
transverse palmar crease
elf-like facial features
epicanthic folds
hypotonia
elf like facial features
Which of the following is the most common comorbidity present in individuals with Down syndrome?
cerebral palsy
diabetes
congenital heart defect
congenital hip dysplasia
congenital heart defect
What is the earliest clinical marker of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
pain
fasciculations
difficulty sleeping
radiculopathy
faciculations
Contralateral spastic hemiparesis and sensory loss of the face and upper extremities more than the lower extremities are the main characteristics of a stroke in which artery?
anterior cerebral artery
posterior cerebral artery
cerebellar artery
middle cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
Atlantoaxial subluxation due to ligamentous laxity should be screened for in which of the following pathologies?
trisomy 21
osteogenesis imperfecta
myelomeningocele
arthrogryposis
trisomy 21
Broca’s area is affected by a CVA that occurs in which of the following vessels?
anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior cerebral artery
basilar artery
middle cerebral artery
What is the best method to facilitate elbow extension in a patient with hemiplegia?
by turning the head to the affected side
by turning the head to the uninvolved side
by extending the lower extremities
by flexing the lower extremities
by turning the head to the affected side
A stroke affecting the left hemisphere will typically be characterized by:
impulsive behavior
impaired abstract reasoning
impaired perception of body image
difficulty processing verbal commands
difficulty processing verbal commands
Atrophy of the thenar eminence and the first and second lumbricals could result from:
ulnar neuritis
carpal tunnel syndrome
compression of the radial nerve
disruption of the anterior interosseus nerve
carpal tunnel syndrome
A selective dorsal rhizotomy is commonly performed to treat spasticity in which condition?
multiple sclerosis
transverse myelitis
myelomeningocele
spastic cerebral palsy
spastic cerebral palsy
Which is the most common type of stroke?
hemorrhagic
ischemic
transient ischemic attack
thrombotic
ischemic
An individual with speech impairments has likely sustained a stroke in which artery?
anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior cerebral artery
vertebrobasilar artery
middle cerebral artery
Which disease is characterized by degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons?
Guillain-Barre syndrome
multiple sclerosis
Parkinson’s disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Which of the following is classified as a progressive disorder of the central nervous system?
cerebrovascular accident
traumatic brain injury
Alzheimer’s disease
vestibular disorder
Alzheimer’s disease
Which factor is most commonly related to cerebral palsy?
maternal smoking
maternal alcohol intake
premature birth
inadequate folic acid intake by the mother
premature birth
Which of the following conditions is described as “sensory-sparing?”
T10 spinal cord injury
multiple sclerosis
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Guillain-Barre syndrome
ALS
What is the most common type of shoulder subluxation in patients with hemiplegia?
posterior subluxation
anterior subluxation
superior subluxation
inferior subluxation
inferior
What nerve becomes entrapped in carpal tunnel syndrome?
radial nerve
ulnar nerve
median nerve
medial palmar nerve
median
Which of the following is not commonly associated with Down syndrome?
intellectual disability
increased susceptibility to infection
vision or hearing impairments
increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate
increased ESR
Which test would be appropriate to use on a child with cerebral palsy?
Albert Infant Motor Scale
Romberg Test
Berg Balance Test
Gross Motor Function Measure
GMFM
Which lobe of the brain includes Broca’s area?
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
frontal
Which of the following areas of the brain plays a primary role in coordination and motor behavior?
brainstem
diencephalon
cerebellum
cerebrum
cerebellum
Which sulcus is pictured between the yellow and pink regions of the brain?
superior temporal sulcus
central sulcus
parieto-occipital sulcus
calcarine sulcus
central sulcus
Which central neurotransmitter is primarily regarded as an excitatory transmitter at the neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle?
serotonin
dopamine
acetylcholine
gamma-aminobutyric acid
acetylcholine
Which of the following arteries is not considered to be part of the Circle of Willis?
posterior communicating artery
anterior communicating artery
anterior cerebral artery
vertebral artery
vertebral
The brainstem is made up of the:
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
metencephalon, myelencephalon
tectum, tegmentum
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Which of the following contains cerebrospinal fluid and the vascular supply for the cerebral cortex?
epidural space
subdural space
subarachnoid space
parietal lobe
subarachnoid space
Information traveling from the spinal cord to the periphery exits the spinal cord from the:
ventral ramus
lateral column
ventral root
anterior column
ventral root
Which is not a function of the area of the brain depicted in yellow?
auditory processing
executive function
personality
self-awareness
auditory processing
The brainstem conveys information between which structures?
cerebellum and spinal cord
cerebrum and spinal cord
cerebellum and cerebrum
spinal cord and spinal nerves
cerebrum and spinal cord
Injury to the area depicted in orange would most likely result in which impairment?
Wernicke’s aphasia
personality changes
apraxia
homonymous hemianopsia
homonymous hemianopsia
Which term is most synonymous with the short period of time following an action potential when sodium channels cannot be reactivated?
repolarization period
relative refractory period
depolarization period
absolute refractory period
absolute refractory period
In the central nervous system, which neurotransmitter is considered inhibitory?
norepinephrine
glutamate
gamma-aminobutyric acid
nitric oxide
gamma aminobutryric acid
Which division of the nervous system decreases heart rate, cardiac contractility, and stroke volume?
central nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous
parasympathetic nervous system
The outer layer of embryonic tissue is termed:
endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm
entoderm
ectoderm
Which structure is responsible for regulating respiration rate?
A
B
C
D
A
The spinal cord ends at approximately what vertebral level?
L2
L3
L4
L5
L2
Which of the following would not be considered part of the basal ganglia?
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
pons
pons
Which part of the brain is identified by the arrow?
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
thalamus
gyrus cinguli
corpus callosum
Which structure in the brain regulates the autonomic nervous system?
hypothalamus
thalamus
frontal lobe
medulla oblongata
hypothalamus
The large opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes is called the:
foramen magnum
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum
jugular foramen
foramen magnum
The putamen and globus pallidus together make up which nucleus in the basal ganglia?
subthalamic nucleus
red nucleus
lentiform nucleus
substantia nigra
lentiform nucleus
What area of the brain and spinal cord contain the aggregation of nerve cell bodies?
grey matter
white matter
axons
microglia
grey matter
What is the term for an alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates?
motor unit
gamma unit
alpha unit
sensory unit
motor unit
What type of peripheral nerve fibers are unmyelinated?
A beta
A delta
A alpha
C fibers
C fibers
What motor skill would be the last to occur assuming normal development?
creeping
cruising
walking forward
walking backward
walking backward
Question 2 of 15
Which progression of activities is consistent with the sequence anticipated assuming normal development?
quadruped, sitting, standing
prone on elbows, crawling, pull to stand
kneeling, propped sitting, standing
half-kneeling, sitting, bridging
prone on elbows, crawling, pull to stand
The growth and development of an infant occurs in which direction?
distal to proximal
proximal to distal
caudal to cephalad
dorsal to ventra
proximal to distal
During normal development, what often happens to previously learned skills when a child develops a new skill such as walking?
improved performance of fine motor skills
regression in performance of skills
increased postural control
immediate abandonment of less advanced skills
regression in performance of skills
During normal development, which activity would most likely not occur prior to 8 months of age?
rolling from prone to supine
sitting independently
cruising
Supports weight on one hand to reach for toy
cruising
At what age should a child be able to sit unsupported?
7 months
8 months
10 months
12 months
seven months
According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which age group is most consistent with the emergence of an understanding of cause and effect?
0-2 years old
2-4 years old
4-7 years old
7-12 years old
7-12 years old
Which measurement instrument would best assess the gross motor skills of a nine month old?
Alberta Infant Motor Scale
Gross Motor Function Measure
Denver Development Screening
Bruininks-Oseretsky Test
alberta infanct motor scale
A child at which age would be considered a toddler?
9 months
28 months
38 months
42 months
28 months
In which stage of child development does the child develop the ability to dress themselves?
infant
toddler
preschooler
school-age children
pre school
Which gross motor skill would be considered the most advanced for a normal developing six-month-old infant?
independent sitting
neck flexion during pull-to-sit
cruising on furniture
rolls from supine to prone
cruising on furniture
Which of the following is an atypical gross motor skill for an infant?
bunny hop crawling
lateral cruising on furniture
reciprocal creeping
independent rolling and sitting
bunny hop crawl
A preterm infant refers to a baby that is born prior to:
40 weeks gestation
39 weeks gestation
38 weeks gestation
37 weeks gestation
37 weeks gestation
Which fontanel typically closes within two to three months of birth?
anterior fontanel
posterior fontanel
lateral fontanel
inferior fontanel
posterior fontanel
Which timeframe would be most consistent with an infant developing pincer grasp?
4-6 months
7-9 months
10-12 months
13-15 months
10-12 months
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of Parkinson’s disease?
resting tremors
hyporeflexia
bradykinesia
rigidity
hyporeflexia
Most individuals diagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome return to their prior level of function within:
6 months
1 year
2 years
4 years
1 year
Which form of multiple sclerosis is characterized by exacerbations that can last days to months and are typically followed by periods of improved function?
relapsing remitting
secondary progressive
primary progressive
progressive relapsing
Relapsing remitting
Which form of multiple sclerosis is characterized by periods of symptoms and reduction in symptoms followed by a slow, steady progression of increasing disability?
relapsing remitting
secondary progressive
primary progressive
progressive relapsing
secondary progressive
Which neurodegenerative disease presents with weakness primarily due to the destruction of acetylcholine receptors in muscle tissue?
Guillain-Barre syndrome
multiple sclerosis
myasthenia gravis
spinal muscular atrophy
MG
Huntington’s disease is a degenerative disease of which of the following structures?
cerebrum
basal ganglia
pons
neuromuscular junction
basal ganglia
Parkinson’s disease primarily affects what structure?
caudate nuclei
lentiform nuclei
substantia nigra
red nucleus
substantia nigra
When treating an individual with multiple sclerosis it would be most appropriate to conduct sessions that include resistance training at what time?
9 a.m.
12 p.m.
3 p.m.
6 p.m.
9 a.m.
When treating an individual with multiple sclerosis, treatment sessions are best in the morning when body core temperatures tend to be lowest and before fatigue sets in. Exercising at a moderate intensity is recommended to reduce excess fatigue and avoid increasing in core body temperature.
Which type of tremor is most commonly seen in patients with Parkinson’s disease?
resting
action
cerebellar
psychogenic
resting
Reduced expressiveness of the face is defined as:
parasthesia
hypokinesia
trigeminal neuralgia
hypomimia
hypomimia
Which of the following macronutrients would be most important to limit in a patient with Parkinson’s disease?
sugar
fat
carbohydrate
protein
protein
A high protein diet can block the effectiveness of the medication Levodopa by competing with it for absorption in the body. Patients are generally advised to follow a high calorie, low protein diet with no more than 15% of calories coming from protein.
Which brain structure is impacted in Parkinson’s disease resulting in the depletion of dopamine?
hypothalamus
thalamus
subthalamus
substantia nigra
substantia nigr
Chorea and dementia are typical clinical signs of which neurologic disorder?
multiple sclerosis
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Parkinson’s disease
Huntington’s disease
Huntington’s disease
Which of the following hereditary neurologic conditions is characterized by random degeneration of muscle fibers resulting in a progressive decrease in muscle force production?
cerebral palsy
Parkinson’s disease
Down syndrome
muscular dystrophy
muscular dystrophy
A traumatic distraction injury to the C5-C6 cervical roots of the brachial plexus is known as:
Erb’s palsy
Klumpke’s palsy
radicular paralysis
Lhermitte’s sign
Erb’s palsy
Myasthenia gravis typically affects which muscle group first?
muscles of mastication
muscles of the eye
proximal shoulder and hip muscles
intrinsic muscles of the hand
Muscles of the eye
Micrographia is an impairment typically observed in what condition?
Parkinson’s disease
multiple sclerosis
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Guillain-Barre syndrome
PD
Micrographia is defined as abnormally small handwriting
What basal ganglia disorder results in involuntary, irregular isolated movements?
Huntington’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Wilson’s disease
Huntington’s disease
Which of the following conditions is an autoimmune disease that destroys the acetylcholine receptors of muscle cells?
Huntington’s chorea
Parkinson’s disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
myasthenia gravis
MG
Erb’s palsy results from injury to which structure?
cranial nerves
left atrium
upper brachial plexus
lower brachial plexus
upper brachial plexus
